环境科学  2025, Vol. 46 Issue (5): 2694-2707   PDF    
引用本文
潘玉龙, 张崇淼. 我国地表水体微塑料的流域分布特征和生态风险[J]. 环境科学, 2025, 46(5): 2694-2707.
PAN Yu-long, ZHANG Chong-miao. Basin Distribution and Ecological Risk of Microplastics in Surface Water Bodies in China[J]. Environmental Science, 2025, 46(5): 2694-2707.
我国地表水体微塑料的流域分布特征和生态风险
潘玉龙1,2,3, 张崇淼1,2,3,4     
1. 西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院, 西安 710055;
2. 西安建筑科技大学西北水资源与环境生态教育部重点实验室, 西安 710055;
3. 西安建筑科技大学陕西省环境工程重点实验室, 西安 710055;
4. 西安建筑科技大学城市非传统水资源开发利用国际科技合作基地, 西安 710055
收稿日期: 2024-03-24; 修订日期: 2024-07-07
基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（51578441）；陕西省重点研发计划项目（2020ZDLNY06-07）
作者简介: 潘玉龙（1999~）, 男, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向为微塑料风险评价与控制, E-mail：pyl0607@126.com
通信作者: 张崇淼, E-mail：cmzhang@xauat.edu.cn
摘要: 为全面了解我国地表水体中微塑料分布状况并阐明其生态风险, 收集整理2014~2023年我国河流、湖库及入海河口等地表水体数据, 利用潜在生态风险指数法对我国十大流域的地表水体微塑料生态风险进行综合评价. 结果表明, 我国不同流域河流、湖库和入海河口均受到微塑料污染, 其主要材质为聚丙烯和聚乙烯, 以无色透明纤维和碎片为主, 尺寸大都在1 mm以下, 但微塑料丰度差异明显. 各流域的河流、湖库和入海河口表层水中的微塑料丰度中位值范围分别为628~35 804、1~4 738和869~792 100 items·m-3；沉积物中的微塑料丰度中位值范围分别为61~1 531、19~1 236和120~1 228 items·kg-1. 从各流域河流的微塑料总潜在生态风险指数（PERItot）来看, 海河流域处于高生态风险（Ⅳ级）, 而黄河和长江流域则均处于中生态风险（Ⅲ级）. 海河流域河流的PERItot绝大部分来自聚氨酯的贡献, 最高贡献率达99.88%, 而黄河和长江流域河流和湖库PERItot、黄河流域入海河口表层水PERItot的主要贡献者分别为聚氯乙烯和聚苯乙烯. 胡焕庸线东南侧地表水体微塑料污染严重, 而西北侧地表水体微塑料的研究报道较少, 污染状况尚不明晰. 不同地域地表水体微塑料丰度与人口密度、当地的国内生产总值都呈显著正相关（P < 0.05）. 研究显示了我国地表水体微塑料的流域分布特征和生态风险, 可为地表水体微塑料污染防治提供科学依据.
关键词: 微塑料（MPs）      地表水体      流域分布      生态风险      胡焕庸线     
Basin Distribution and Ecological Risk of Microplastics in Surface Water Bodies in China
PAN Yu-long1,2,3 , ZHANG Chong-miao1,2,3,4     
1. School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China;
2. Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China;
3. Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China;
4. International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
Abstract: To gain a comprehensive understanding of the distribution of microplastics in surface waters in China and clarify the related ecological risks, data of surface water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries in China from 2014 to 2023 were collected, and the potential ecological risk index method was used to comprehensively evaluate the ecological risk of microplastics in surface water bodies of ten major basins in China. The results showed that the rivers, lakes, reservoirs, and estuaries in different basins of China were all polluted by microplastics. The main materials were polypropylene and polyethylene, mainly colorless transparent fibers and fragments, and the size was mostly < 1 mm, but the abundance of microplastics was significantly different. The median abundance of microplastics in the surface water of rivers, lakes, and estuaries in each basin ranged from 628 to 35 804, 1 to 4 738, and 869 to 792 100 items·m-3, respectively. The median abundance of microplastics in sediments ranged from 61 to 1 531, 19 to 1 236, and 120 to 1 228 items·kg-1, respectively. From the total potential ecological risk index (PERItot) of microplastics in rivers, the Haihe River Basin was at high ecological risk (level Ⅳ), while the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin were at medium ecological risk (level Ⅲ). The majority of PERItot in the rivers of the Haihe River Basin came from polyurethane, with a highest contribution rate of 99.88%, while the main contributors to the PERItot of rivers and lakes in the Yellow River and the Yangtze River Basin and the PERItot of the surface water in the Yellow River Estuary were polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene, respectively. Microplastic pollution on the surface water bodies of the southeast side of HU Huan-yong Line was crucial, whereas a few research reports were available on microplastics in the surface water bodies on the northwest side, and the pollution status remained unclear. The abundance of microplastics in surface water bodies in different regions was significantly positively correlated with the population density and local gross domestic product (P < 0.05). The study shows the basin distribution characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics in surface water bodies in China, which can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of microplastic pollution in surface water bodies.
Key words: microplastics (MPs)      surface water bodies      basin distribution      ecological risk      HU Huan-yong Line     

塑料制品广泛应用于日常生活和工农业生产中[1], 已成为人类社会不可或缺的重要部分. 塑料在给人类带来便捷的同时, 也造成了全球性污染问题. 英国普利茅斯大学的Thompson等[2]在2004年率先提出了“微塑料（microplastics, MPs）”这一概念, 并指出MPs污染的严峻性. 由于MPs在环境中的分布极为广泛, 且难以自然降解. 针对MPs污染及其毒性效应的研究已成为环境领域备受瞩目的焦点话题. 2022年, 国务院办公厅颁布了《新污染物治理行动方案》, 明确指出MPs是当前危害生态系统和人体健康的一种新污染物[3]. MPs已被列入我国生态环境部的重点管控新污染物清单, 加强对其监测和治理将是今后一项长期且重要的任务.

虽然MPs污染的问题最初是在海洋中发现的, 但污染源头在人类生活的陆地. 地表水与人类生活息息相关, 是MPs向海洋中迁移的重要介质[4], 研究地表水中MPs的赋存特征对于控制其生态风险十分重要. 我国是最大的塑料生产和使用国[5], 每年进入海洋的塑料垃圾高达882万t, 占全球总量的27.70%. 2014年, Zhao等[6]发表的关于长江口MPs污染的研究论文是我国第一篇有关地表水体的MPs污染报道, 随后我国地表水体中MPs污染研究陆续展开. 由于受到地区的经济水平、工农业发展程度和居民生活习惯等因素影响, 不同流域和地区地表水体中的MPs丰度、材质类型和尺寸分布等存在较大差异. 例如, 岷江四川成都段表层水中MPs平均丰度高达15 880 items·m-3[7], 而香港大埔区林村河表层水中MPs平均丰度却仅有7 items·m-3[8]；安徽巢湖沉积物中的MPs材质以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）为主[9], 而陕西黄金峡水库沉积物中的MPs材质以聚乙烯（PE）和聚苯乙烯（PS）为主[10]. 不同材质MPs对生物的毒性有差异[11], 这就意味着不同地区的地表水中MPs生态风险也有一定区别.

我国地域广大, 不同水体MPs污染的研究报道逐年增多. 但大多数研究局限性较强, 研究区域较为单一, 主要集中在长江和珠江流域, 缺乏对我国地表水体MPs污染状况的全面分析. Fan等[12]综述了我国内陆水系MPs的污染特征, 但由于收集的数据有限, 未能体现出我国各流域的MPs分布特征. 此外, 目前大多数研究仅阐明了水体中MPs的丰度, 而对其造成的生态风险鲜见报道[13].

鉴于此, 本文通过收集整理我国河流、湖库及河口等地表水体中MPs污染的数据, 旨在从流域尺度分析我国地表水体中MPs污染的分布状况及其潜在生态风险, 并探讨地表水体MPs污染与人口、经济的关系, 以期为我国地表水体MPs的污染防治提供科学依据.

1 材料与方法 1.1 数据来源和研究区域

使用Web of Science和中国知网等数据库检索2014~2023年间发表的有关我国地表水体MPs污染的文献, 共涉及117个地表水体, 包括77个河流, 31个湖库和9个河口水体, 其中地表水体表层水介质研究样本量为99, 沉积物介质研究样本量为72. MPs的截留收集通过滤膜过滤实现, 过滤孔径大多为0.45 μm；MPs的鉴定方法有傅里叶红外光谱法（Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR）、显微傅里叶红外光谱法（micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Micro-FTIR）、衰减全反射傅里叶红外光谱法（attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ATR-FTIR）和拉曼光谱法（Raman spectroscopy, Raman）. MPs污染数据信息包含MPs的丰度（以平均值计）、材质、形状、尺寸和颜色. 为了便于比较, 将表层水和沉积物的MPs丰度单位分别用items·m-3和items·kg-1表示.

按照数据来源的地理位置归入我国的十大流域（松花江流域、辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域、黄河流域、长江流域、珠江流域、东南诸河、西南诸河和西北诸河）进行比较分析. 依据“胡焕庸线”将我国分成东南部和西北部两大区域, 比较分析地表水体MPs污染特征. 地表水体MPs污染数据样本点和研究区域分布状况如图 1所示.

基于2021年《中国水资源公报》[14]公布的GS京（2022）0112号标准地图制作, 底图无修改 图 1 我国地表水体MPs污染数据样本点和研究区域 Fig. 1 Data sample points and study area of MPs pollution in surface water bodies in China

1.2 生态风险评价

采用潜在生态风险指数法（potential ecological risk index, PERI）[15,16], 对我国地表水体中的MPs污染生态风险等级进行评价, 计算公式如下：

式中, k表示MPs材质类型, 具体如表 1所示；Tk 表示塑料材质k的化学毒性系数；Pk 表示塑料材质k占该水体中报道的全部材质MPs的比例, 依据所归纳水体主要材质MPs的出现频次计算；Sk 表示塑料材质k的危害分数[11], 具体数值见表 1；Ci 表示MPs丰度；C0表示安全参考丰度, 其中, 表层水MPs安全参考丰度[17]：6 650 items·m-3, 沉积物MPs安全参考丰度[18]：540 items·kg-1；PERI k 和PERItot分别表示材质k MPs的潜在生态风险指数和该水体全部材质MPs的总潜在生态风险指数；材质k的MPs潜在生态风险指数对总潜在生态风险指数的贡献率使用PERI k 与PERItot的比值来表示.

表 1 常见塑料材质类型及其危害分数1） Table 1 Common plastic material types and their hazard scores

依据MPs潜在生态风险分级标准[16]和计算出的PERI值, 可将我国各流域地表水体MPs生态风险等级分为：Ⅰ级（PERI < 10, 无显著风险）、Ⅱ级（10≤PERI < 100, 低生态风险）、Ⅲ级（100≤PERI < 1 000, 中生态风险）和Ⅳ级（1 000≤PERI < 10 000, 高生态风险）.

1.3 统计分析

本研究通过Microsoft Excel 2010统计整理数据；利用Origin 2019b绘制相关图表；使用ArcGIS 10.8绘制我国地表水体MPs研究点位分布图；利用SPSS 22.0分别进行了不同类型湖库MPs丰度的独立样本t检验、地表水体MPs丰度与人口密度和GDP总量的Spearman相关性分析和Pearson线性回归分析.

2 结果与讨论 2.1 我国地表水体中的微塑料分布状况 2.1.1 河流中的微塑料丰度及材质类型

在所有地表水体MPs研究中, 有关河流的研究最多[7,8,15,16,19~98]. 如图 2所示, 我国各流域河流表层水中MPs丰度范围为1~595 270 items·m-3, MPs丰度最高点位于黄河平安浮桥至新滩浮桥段[28], 最低点则在大风江钦州段[80]. 由于MPs丰度跨度极大, 使用中位值能够较好地反映出各流域MPs的分布特征. 松花江流域、辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域、黄河流域、长江流域、珠江流域、东南诸河、西南诸河和西北诸河的河流表层水中MPs丰度中位值分别为35 804、4 630、2 357、2 000、7 735、6 500、1 285、2 150、628和17 639 items·m-3. 显然, 松花江流域河流表层水中MPs丰度中位值最高, 而西南诸河的最低.

（a）表层水MPs丰度, （b）沉积物MPs丰度, （c）表层水MPs材质, （d）沉积物MPs材质 图 2 我国不同流域河流中MPs的丰度与材质分布 Fig. 2 Abundance and material distribution of MPs in rivers of different basins in China

各流域河流沉积物中MPs丰度范围为17~32 947 items·kg-1, 最高值和最低值分别位于温瑞塘河[83]和灞河[33]. 松花江流域、辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域、黄河流域、长江流域、珠江流域、东南诸河、西南诸河和西北诸河的河流沉积物中MPs丰度中位值分别为1 531、204、983、240、324、402、685、670、83和61 items·kg-1；松花江流域的河流沉积物MPs丰度中位值同样为最高, 海河流域则次之.

我国大多数流域河流表层水和沉积物中的MPs材质类型主要是PP、PE和PET, 这些材质的高适用性和工业相关性是它们大量存在的原因. 然而, 在海河流域河流表层水和沉积物中, MPs主要材质类型则为PU和EVA, 占比均在39.90%以上. PU、EVA塑料材质常用于建筑胶体、道路标记涂料、车辆零部件和电线电缆等[22]. 海河流域河流中这两类材质的MPs占比如此之高, 推测可能与京津冀地区大型工业基地的生产活动有密切关系[99]. 长江流域和东南诸河的MPs材质类型十分多样, 表明这些流域MPs污染来源复杂, 可能与产业类型多样化有关.

2.1.2 湖库中的微塑料丰度及材质类型

从现有报道来看, 我国湖库MPs研究涉及松花江、海河、淮河、黄河、长江、珠江、西北诸河等流域[9,10,18,100~133], 以长江流域湖库研究最多. 如图 3所示, 我国各流域的湖库表层水中, MPs丰度中位值介于1~4 738 items·m-3范围内, 最高值和最低值分别出现在长江流域和珠江流域, 与河流表层水趋势明显不同. 位于黄浦江上游的金泽水库[45]表层水中的MPs丰度最高, 达28 300 items·m-3, 而表层水MPs丰度最低值位于飞来峡水库[130], 仅有1 items·m-3. 我国各流域湖库沉积物中, MPs丰度中位值介于19~1 236 items·kg-1之间. 海河流域的MPs丰度中位值最高, 而黄河流域的MPs丰度中位值最低. 草海湖[128]沉积物中MPs丰度最高, 达3 285 items·kg-1；而乌梁素海[103]沉积物中MPs丰度最低, 仅19 items·kg-1.

（a）表层水MPs丰度, （b）沉积物MPs丰度, （c）表层水MPs材质, （d）沉积物MPs材质, （e）表层水MPs平均丰度, （f）沉积物MPs平均丰度；ns表示无显著性差异 图 3 我国湖库中MPs的丰度与材质分布 Fig. 3 Abundance and material distribution of MPs in lakes and reservoirs in China

与河流MPs污染情况类似, PP、PE和PET也是我国大部分流域湖库中MPs的主要材质. 在松花江流域、淮河流域和西北诸河, PA材质MPs也比较多. PA具有轻便、耐磨的特点, 广泛用于包装材料、运动鞋袜、渔具等, 各流域湖库中的PA材质MPs, 可能主要来源于当地渔业和旅游活动产生的断线和碎片[100]. 除PA外, PE和PET亦为淮河流域湖库中MPs的主要材质, 这可能与流域内农田种植活动覆盖所用的PE薄膜[134]以及服装生产所需的PET纤维[135]的广泛使用和传播有关. 珠江流域湖库沉积物中的MPs, PP、PET和RA为最主要的3种材质, RA材质MPs较多可能与珠三角地区高度发达的纺织产业有关[70,131].

按上游是否有航运河道, 对各流域的湖库进行了归类, 并对其MPs丰度进行了独立样本t检验. 结果发现, 上游有航运河道的湖库表层水和沉积物中MPs丰度与上游无航运河道的湖库无显著性差异（表层水P=0.578 > 0.05, 沉积物P=0.249 > 0.05）, 说明航运可能不是影响湖库中MPs分布的主要因素, 其分布可能受地表径流、降水、面源污染等其他因素影响.

2.1.3 入海河口中的微塑料丰度及材质类型

我国入海河口MPs研究并不多[6,136~144], 涉及辽河、海河、黄河、长江、珠江、东南诸河流域. 从图 4可以看出, 入海河口表层水和沉积物中的MPs丰度中位值范围分别为869~792 100 items·m-3和120~1 228 items·kg-1. 黄河口表层水[28]和长江口沉积物[138,140,141]中的MPs丰度中位值显著高于其他入海河口. 位于珠江流域内的大风江口[80]MPs污染程度最轻, 其表层水和沉积物中MPs丰度分别为1 items·m-3和13 items·kg-1. PP和PE是入海河口中MPs的主要材质类型. 相较于其他流域, 珠江流域河口沉积物MPs材质同湖库沉积物趋势相近, 在表层水和沉积物中PP、PE、PET和RA的占比均在16%以上, MPs材质类型呈现多样化, 这可能归因于流域内珠三角地区高度发达的经济产业和密集的人口[74]. 由于河口处于河流与海洋的交汇处, 湍流和盐度变化可能会促使吸附电中和、混凝等环境化学作用的发生, 进而加速PE等较低密度MPs的聚集和沉降[145].

（a）表层水MPs丰度, （b）沉积物MPs丰度, （c）表层水MPs材质, （d）沉积物MPs材质 图 4 我国不同流域入海河口中MPs的丰度与材质分布 Fig. 4 Abundance and material distribution of MPs in estuaries of different basins in China

2.2 我国地表水体中的微塑料生态风险评价 2.2.1 河流中的微塑料生态风险

如图 5所示, 我国松花江流域、辽河流域、海河流域、淮河流域、黄河流域、长江流域、珠江流域、东南诸河、西南诸河和西北诸河的河流表层水中PERItot值分别为32.30、7.66、1 048.92、1.60、695.25、233.59、1.69、264.57、0.57和11.27；上述流域河流沉积物中PERItot值分别为17.01、4.16、6 729.00、2.37、639.00、251.41、8.88、7.86、1.92和0.68. 显而易见, 海河流域河流表层水和沉积物中的PERItot均为最高, 而河流表层水和沉积物的PERItot最低值分别出现在西南诸河和西北诸河.

（a）表层水, （b）沉积物；灰色区域表示无数据 图 5 我国不同流域河流中的MPs生态风险评估 Fig. 5 Ecological risk assessment of MPs in rivers of different basins in China

从河流表层水MPs生态风险等级来看, 处于无显著风险（Ⅰ级）有辽河、淮河、珠江流域及西南诸河, 处于低生态风险（Ⅱ级）的有松花江流域和西北诸河, 处于中生态风险（Ⅲ级）的有黄河、长江流域及东南诸河；仅有海河流域处于高生态风险（Ⅳ级）. 大多数流域河流沉积物MPs生态风险等级与表层水风险等级一致, 唯有海河流域处于高生态风险（Ⅳ级）. 东南诸河和西北诸河的沉积物MPs风险等级都低于其表层水风险等级. 相较于表层水, 沉积物MPs的研究报道偏少, 样本量有限. 从检测技术的角度上看, 沉积物中的MPs检测难度大, 容易漏检, 这可能导致MPs的PERItot值偏低.

分析不同材质MPs的PERI值可以发现, 黄河、长江流域及东南诸河河流表层水中的PERIPVC值都很高, PVC材质的MPs对PERItot值的贡献率分别达到98.07%、96.09%和99.18%；黄河和长江流域河流沉积物中PVC同样是PERItot的主要贡献者. 与之不同的是, 海河流域河流表层水和沉积物中的PERItot值则主要来自PU的贡献, 贡献率分别高达99.80%和99.88%. 由此可见, 不同流域中对生态风险高贡献的MPs材质类型可能有差异. 明确各流域中最大生态风险的MPs材质类型, 对于MPs风险管控具有重要意义.

2.2.2 湖库中的微塑料生态风险

我国各流域湖库表层水MPs的PERItot值介于9.02×10-4~204.16之间, 湖库沉积物中MPs的PERItot值范围为0.26~429.12, 最高值都出现在长江流域（图 6）. 黄河、珠江流域及西北诸河湖库均处于无显著风险（Ⅰ级）, 松花江流域湖库表层水及淮河流域湖库沉积物处于低生态风险（Ⅱ级）, 长江流域湖库表层水和沉积物MPs生态风险则均处于中生态风险（Ⅲ级）.

（a）表层水, （b）沉积物；灰色区域表示无数据 图 6 我国不同流域湖库中的MPs生态风险评估 Fig. 6 Ecological risk assessment of MPs in lakes and reservoirs of different basins in China

值得注意的是, 长江流域湖库表层水和沉积物中的PERItot值绝大部分仍由PVC贡献, 贡献率分别达96.90%和97.08%, 太湖流域PVC材质MPs的污染尤为严重[113,114]. 最新研究表明, 有害蓝藻的分布可能会受MPs影响[146], 这就意味着湖库中的MPs可能会与有害蓝藻形成复合效应, 带来更为复杂的风险, 因此应特别重视湖库中PVC材质MPs的风险控制.

2.2.3 入海河口中的微塑料生态风险

我国各入海河口表层水中的PERItot值范围分别为0.75~1 667.58, 而河口沉积物的PERItot值则整体偏低, 介于2.24~3.91. 从图 7可知, 大部分入海河口表层水和全部沉积物中的MPs都处于无显著风险（Ⅰ级）, 而黄河入海口表层水处于高生态风险（Ⅳ级）. 其PERItot值主要由PS和PE贡献, 贡献率分别为71.43%和26.19%.

（a）表层水, （b）沉积物；灰色区域表示无数据 图 7 我国不同流域入海河口中的MPs生态风险评估 Fig. 7 Ecological risk assessment of MPs in estuaries of different basins in China

2.3 我国地表水体中微塑料的地域污染特征 2.3.1 微塑料的地域分布特征

胡焕庸线是我国人口发展水平和经济社会格局的重要分界线, 其东南侧人口密度大, 经济发达, 西北侧人口密度小, 经济欠发达. 胡焕庸线两侧地表水体中MPs的分布特征如图 8所示.

（a）丰度特征, （b）材质特征, （c）形状特征, （d）尺寸特征, （e）颜色特征；SE-w表示东南部表层水, SE-s表示东南部沉积物, NW-w表示西北部表层水, NW-s表示西北部沉积物 图 8 我国地表水体中MPs的地域分布特征 Fig. 8 Regional distribution characteristics of MPs in surface water in China

胡焕庸线东南侧和西北侧地表水体表层水MPs丰度中位值分别为3 158 items·m-3和1 292 items·m-3, 沉积物MPs丰度中位值分别为523 items·kg-1和61 items·kg-1, 可见胡焕庸线东南侧地表水体MPs污染相对更严重. 胡焕庸线两侧地表水体中MPs材质类型近似, 主要材质均为PP和PE, 这二者占比之和均不低于60.92%；MPs形状以纤维和碎片为主, 二者占比之和均在83.30%以上；透明的MPs占比均在37%以上；MPs尺寸大都在1 mm以下, 其占比均在72.70%以上. 以上也是我国地表水体MPs赋存的共性特征. 对于西北侧地表水MPs研究十分欠缺, 相关文献量仅为东南侧的1/7. 今后应逐步加强胡焕庸线西北侧地表水体MPs研究, 以期全面了解我国地表水体MPs污染状况. 不同地域地表水体中MPs的丰度特征存在差异, 这可能与地域的人口密度与经济发展等因素[118]有关.

2.3.2 微塑料的地域赋存影响因素

利用Spearman等级相关系数法对我国部分典型地表水体MPs丰度与相关地区的人口密度、国内生产总值（GDP）总量进行了相关性统计分析. 收集整理的我国部分地表水体MPs丰度、对应地域人口密度和GDP总量数据见表 2. 回归分析结果如图 9所示. 人口密度和GDP总量数据信息来源于国家统计局.

表 2 部分地表水体MPs丰度、地域人口密度及GDP总量 Table 2 Abundance of MPs in some surface waters, regional population density, and total GDP

图 9 MPs丰度与人口密度和GDP总量的回归分析 Fig. 9 Regression analysis of MPs abundance with population density and total GDP

本研究结果发现, 我国地表水体MPs丰度与地域人口密度呈显著正相关（P=0.002 < 0.05）, 与地域GDP总量亦呈显著正相关（P=0.000 < 0.05）, 且MPs丰度与人口密度的相关性弱于与GDP总量的相关性. 李思琼等[16]针对长江流域MPs污染开展的研究也获得了相似的结果. 这表明, 尽管地表水体中MPs的分布受到水流搬运等迁移作用的影响, 但当地的人类活动和经济发展水平还是其丰度的决定性因素.

3 结论

（1）我国地表水体中MPs的主要材质为PP和PE, 以透明的纤维和碎片为主, 尺寸大都在1 mm以下. 各流域河流、湖库和入海河口表层水中的MPs丰度中位值范围分别为628~35 804、1~4 738和869~792 100 items·m-3；沉积物中的MPs丰度中位值范围分别为61~1 531、19~1 236和120~1 228 items·kg-1.

（2）海河流域的河流MPs生态风险最高（Ⅳ级）, 主要由PU贡献. 黄河流域和长江流域的河流处于中生态风险（Ⅲ级）, 长江流域湖库的MPs生态风险为Ⅲ级, 其主要贡献材质均为PVC. 黄河流域入海河口表层水MPs生态风险为Ⅳ级, 主要由PS贡献.

（3）胡焕庸线东南侧地表水体表层水和沉积物中的MPs含量都明显高于西北侧, 西北侧地表水体MPs的研究报道较少. 地表水体MPs丰度与人口密度、GDP总量均呈显著正相关.

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