| 三峡库区典型农业小流域土壤中抗生素的时空分布与生态风险 |
| 摘要点击 1749 全文点击 355 投稿时间：2023-12-06 修订日期：2024-02-18 |
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| 中文关键词 三峡库区 农业小流域 土壤 抗生素 时空分布 生态风险 |
| 英文关键词 Three Gorges Reservoir area agricultural small watershed soil antibiotics spatial-temporal distribution ecological risk |
| 作者 | 单位 | E-mail | | 方镜人 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | 447886911@qq.com | | 母悦 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | | | 唐柏彬 | 重庆海关技术中心, 重庆 400020 | | | 郭春会 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | | | 黄纬斌 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | | | 雍晴 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | | | 王正 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | | | 张进忠 | 西南大学资源环境学院, 重庆市农业资源与环境重点实验室, 重庆 400715 | jzhzhang@swu.edu.cn |
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| 中文摘要 |
| 为了解三峡库区农业流域土壤中抗生素的时空分布与生态风险,于2022年分春、夏、秋、冬这4个季节在重庆市涪陵区王家沟小流域的26个样点采集表土样品,采用固相萃取、超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定土样中5类21种抗生素,分析抗生素的含量水平和时空分布,探讨抗生素含量与土壤理化因子的相关关系,用风险商值法评估土壤中抗生素的潜在生态风险.结果表明,21种抗生素的检出率为0~100%,检出范围为ND~219.5 μg·kg-1,其中四环素类（TCs）、喹诺酮类（FQs）和氯霉素类（CAPs）在4个季节的检出率均达到100%；抗生素总量范围为14.35~504.1 μg·kg-1,含量平均值为149.7 μg·kg-1,5类抗生素的含量平均值依次为：TCs（77.95 μg·kg-1）> FQs（34.96 μg·kg-1）> CAPs（28.14 μg·kg-1）> 磺胺类（7.15 μg·kg-1）> 大环类酯类（1.48 μg·kg-1）.秋、冬季土壤中抗生素含量显著高于夏季土壤（P < 0.05）,抗生素含量总体上随季节呈现先降低后升高的变化趋势,并呈“西低东高”的分布态势,含量较高的点位主要集中在菜地、居民区和旱地.春季土壤中,泰乐菌素（TYL）（P < 0.01）、四环素（TC）（P < 0.01）、强力霉素（DXC）和磺胺甲嘧啶（SMR）含量（P < 0.05）均与土壤pH呈显著负相关.夏季土壤中,总磷（TP）显著正影响磺胺异唑（SFZ）和TC含量（P < 0.05）,且对磺胺甲唑（SMX）、SMR和氧氟沙星（OFL）的正影响达到极显著水平（P < 0.01）；总氮（TN）对SMX（P < 0.01）和SMR含量有显著正影响（P < 0.05）；土壤有机质（SOM）显著正影响TC和恩诺沙星（ENR）含量（P < 0.05）；而环丙沙星（CIP）（P < 0.001）、磺胺吡啶（SPD）、诺氟沙星（NOR）和TYL含量（P < 0.05）与土壤pH呈显著负相关.秋季土壤中,TN显著负影响CIP含量（P < 0.05）；pH显著负影响磺胺嘧啶（SDZ）、TC和DXC含量（P < 0.05）；阳离子交换量（CEC）显著正影响TC和SFZ含量（P < 0.05）.冬季土壤中,TP显著正影响TYL含量；TN显著正影响SFZ含量（P < 0.05）,且对磺胺间甲氧嘧啶（SMM）的正影响达到极显著水平（P < 0.001）；金霉素（CTC）（P < 0.01）、CIP（P < 0.01）、甲砜霉素（TAP）（P < 0.001）、氯霉素（CAP）（P < 0.001）、土霉素（OTC）（P < 0.001）和磺胺二甲嘧啶（SM2）（P < 0.05）均与土壤pH呈显著负相关；CEC显著负影响SDZ含量（P < 0.05）.王家沟农业小流域土壤主要受到SMX、SDZ、TC、DXC、红霉素、NOR、OFL、CIP和ENR的威胁,它们的生态风险不容忽视. |
| 英文摘要 |
| In order to understand the spatial-temporal distribution and ecological risk of antibiotics in the soil of an agricultural watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the topsoil samples were collected at 26 sites in the Wangjiagou small watershed, Fuling District, Chongqing in spring, summer, autumn, and winter of 2022, and 21 antibiotics with five classes were determined using solid phase extraction and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The content levels and spatial-temporal distribution of antibiotics were analyzed, the correlations between antibiotic contents and soil physicochemical factors were discussed, and the potential ecological risk of antibiotics in the soil was evaluated using the risk quotient method. The results showed that the detection rates of 21 antibiotics were 0-100% with the range of ND-219.5 μg·kg-1, and those of tetracyclines （TCs）, quinolones （FQs）, and chloramphenicols （CAPs） reached 100% in all four seasons. The total antibiotic content ranged from 14.35 to 504.1 μg·kg-1 with the average value of 149.7 μg·kg-1, and the average contents of the five classes of antibiotics showed a decreasing trend of TCs （77.95 μg·kg-1）, FQs （34.96 μg·kg-1）, CAPs （28.14 μg·kg-1）, sulfonamides （SAs, 7.15 μg·kg-1）, and macrolides （MLs, 1.48 μg·kg-1）. The antibiotic contents of soils during autumn and winter were significantly higher than those in summer （P < 0.05） and showed an overall variation trend of first decreasing and then increasing with the season and a distribution situation of “low in the west and high in the east.” The sites with high antibiotic contents were mainly concentrated in vegetable fields, residential areas, and dry lands. In spring soils, the contents of tylosin （TYL） （P < 0.01）, tetracycline （TC） （P < 0.01）, doxycycline （DXC）, and sulfamethodiazine （SMR） （P < 0.05） were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. In summer soils, total phosphorus （TP） had significantly positive effects on the contents of sulfamethoxazole （SFZ） and TC （P < 0.05） and had extremely significant positive effects on sulfamethoxazole （SMX）, SMR, and ofloxacin （OFL） （P < 0.01）. Total nitrogen （TN） had significantly positive effects on the contents of SMX （P < 0.01） and SMR （P < 0.05）, and soil organic matter （SOM） had significantly positive effects on the contents of TC and enrofloxacin （ENR） （P < 0.05）. However, ciprofloxacin （CIP） （P < 0.001）, sulfampyridine （SPD）, norfloxacin （NOR）, and TYL contents （P < 0.05） were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH. In autumn soils, TN significantly negatively affected CIP content （P < 0.05）； the contents of sulfadiazine （SDZ）, TC, and DXC were negatively affected by soil pH （P < 0.05）； and cation exchange capacity （CEC） significantly positively affected the contents of TC and SFZ （P < 0.05）. In winter soils, TP had a significantly positive effect on TYL content, and TN had a significantly positive effect on SFZ content （P < 0.05） and an extremely positive effect on sulfamethoxine （SMM） （P < 0.001）. Chlorotetracycline （CTC） （P < 0.01）, CIP （P < 0.01）, thiamphenicol （TAP） （P < 0.001）, chloramphenicol （CAP） （P < 0.001）, oxytetracycline （OTC） （P < 0.001）, and sulfadimidine （SM2） （P < 0.05） were significantly negatively correlated with soil pH, and CEC had a significantly negative effect on SDZ content （P < 0.05）. The soils in the Wangjiagou agricultural small watershed were mainly threatened by SMX, SDZ, TC, DXC, erythromycin, NOR, OFL, CIP, and ENR, and their ecological risks should not be ignored. |
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