| 秸秆还田、覆膜和施氮对旱地麦田土壤质量的影响 |
| 摘要点击 2340 全文点击 759 投稿时间：2023-04-10 修订日期：2023-07-08 |
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| 中文关键词 秸秆还田 覆膜 氮肥 主成分分析（PCA） 最小数据集（MDS） 土壤质量指数（SQI） |
| 英文关键词 straw retention film mulching N fertilizer principal component analysis（PCA） minimum data set（MDS） soil quality index（SQI） |
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| 中文摘要 |
| 通过5 a大田定位试验研究了秸秆还田、覆膜及氮肥对旱地土壤质量的影响.以双因素裂区设计,主处理为3种栽培模式：常规栽培（CT）、秸秆还田（SR）和覆膜栽培（FM）；副处理为3种施氮水平：0、144和180 kg·hm-2.在第5季冬小麦收获后采集耕层0~20 cm土壤样品,测定容重（BD）、孔隙度（SP）、田间持水量（FC）、有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）、全磷（TP）、全钾（TK）、矿质氮（NO3--N+NH4+-N）、速效磷（AP）、速效钾（AK）、微生物生物量碳（MBC）、微生物生物量氮（MBN）、蔗糖酶（SA）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、脲酶（UA）和脱氢酶（DHA）等土壤理化性质及生物性质等指标,基于两个最小数据集（MDS）,利用线性（LT）和非线性（NLT）评分模型计算土壤质量指数（SQI）,通过与冬小麦产量拟合来寻找最优SQI,据此分析土壤质量对秸秆还田、覆膜及氮肥的响应.结果表明,SR处理的SP、FC、SOC、TK、SA、ALP、DHA、MBN和MBC分别较CT显著高10.1%、40.5%、28.3%、14.3%、22.0%、8.9%、48.3%、35.9%和62.5%.FM处理的SP、FC、NO3--N、AP、AK、ALP和MBN分别较CT显著高3.1%、14.6%、729.0%、37.4%、28.2%、7.2%和17.7%.SR和FM处理冬小麦产量分别较CT显著高25.1%和18.6%.与N0相比,施用氮肥土壤SP、TN、NO3--N、NH4+-N、ALP和MBN显著增加3.4%~407.6%,BD、SOC和MBC/MBN显著下降3.0%~31.7%.在3种栽培模式下,施氮显著增加冬小麦产量,增幅为69.4%~79.1%,相同栽培模式两施氮水平间差异不显著.基于MDS2的非线性评分模型计算的SQI能够更准确地评价旱地麦田土壤质量.在NLT-SQI2中,SR、FM和氮肥均可增加土壤的SQI,在SR配施N180水平下SQI达到最大,FM次之,CT最小.综上,秸秆还田和覆膜配施适量氮肥能维持和提高土壤质量,秸秆还田优于覆膜. |
| 英文摘要 |
| The effects of straw retention, film mulching, and nitrogen fertilizer on soil quality in dryland were assessed through a 5-year field positioning experiment. This experiment was conducted using a dual factor split plot design, and the main treatments were three cultivation models： conventional cultivation （CT）, straw retention in field （SR）, and film mulching cultivation （FM）. There were three nitrogen application rates for the split zone treatment： 0, 144, and 180 kg·hm-2. After the winter wheat harvest in the fifth year, soil samples of 0-20 cm in the topsoil were collected to measure soil physical and chemical properties and biological properties, such as bulk density （BD）, soil porosity （SP）, field capacity （FC）, soil organic carbon （SOC）, total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP）, total potassium （TK）, mineral nitrogen （NO3--N + NH4+-N）, available phosphorus （AP）, available potassium （AK）, microbial biomass carbon （MBC）, microbial biomass nitrogen （MBN）, sucrase activity （SA）, alkaline phosphatase activity （ALP）, urease activity （UA）, dehydrogenase activity （DHA）, etc. Based on a two minimum data set （MDS）, the soil quality index （SQI） was calculated using linear （LT） and nonlinear （NLT） scoring models, and the optimal SQI was found by fitting with winter wheat yield. The response of soil quality to straw retention, film mulching, and nitrogen fertilizer was analyzed. The results showed that the SP, FC, SOC, TK, SA, ALP, DHA, MBN, and MBC of the SR treatment were significantly increased by 10.1%, 40.5%, 28.3%, 14.4%, 22.0%, 8.9%, 48.3%, 35.9%, and 62.5% compared to those of the CT treatment, respectively. The SP, FC, NO3--N, AP, AK, ALP, and MBN of the FM treatment were significantly higher by 3.1%, 14.6%, 729.0%, 37.4%, 28.2%, 7.2%, and 17.7% compared to those of the CT treatment, respectively. The yield of winter wheat in the SR and FM treatments was significantly higher than that in the CT treatments by 25.1% and 18.6%, respectively. Compared with N0, the application of nitrogen fertilizer significantly increased SP, TN, NO3--N, NH4+-N, ALP, and MBN by 3.4% to 407.6%, whereas BD, SOC, and MBC/MBN significantly decreased by 3.0% to 31.7%. Under the three cultivation modes, nitrogen application significantly increased winter wheat yield, with an increase of 69.4%-79.1% compared to that of N0. There was no significant difference between the two nitrogen application levels. The SQI calculated based on the MDS2 nonlinear scoring model could more accurately evaluate the soil quality of dryland wheat fields. In NLT-SQI2, the SR, FM, and nitrogen fertilizer could increase the SQI of the soil, and the SQI reached the maximum at the level of SR combined with N180, followed by FM and CT. In summary, straw retention and film mulching combined with appropriate nitrogen fertilizer could maintain and improve soil quality, and straw retention yielded better results than film mulching. |
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