| 化肥减量有机替代对紫色土旱坡地土壤氮磷养分及作物产量的影响 |
| 摘要点击 1934 全文点击 756 投稿时间：2019-09-16 修订日期：2019-11-01 |
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| 中文关键词 化肥减量 生物炭 秸秆还田 土壤养分 化肥利用率 |
| 英文关键词 fertilizer reduction biochar straw returning soil nutrient fertilizer utilization |
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| 中文摘要 |
| 化肥减量配施有机肥是实现环境友好，保持耕地质量的国家战略，对防治土壤污染和实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义.以三峡库区紫色土旱坡地为研究对象，通过田间试验研究了在油菜/玉米轮作模式下，对照处理、常规施肥、优化施肥、生物炭（化肥减量配施生物炭）及秸秆还田（化肥减量配施秸秆还田）这5个处理对土壤氮、磷形态、作物氮磷含量、肥料利用率及作物产量的影响.结果表明，土壤铵态氮含量在油菜季的秸秆处理最高，为4.51 mg·kg-1.各处理玉米季的土壤铵态氮和碱解氮含量均明显高于油菜季.化肥减量配施有机肥可以保障并提高土壤全氮的含量.其中，秸秆处理的油菜季和玉米季土壤全氮含量均最高，分别为0.56 g·kg-1和0.60 g·kg-1.秸秆处理的油菜季土壤有效磷含量最高（0.76 mg·kg-1）.化肥减量配施有机肥的土壤全磷含量较常规处理没有显著差异（P>0.05）.化肥减量配施有机肥表现出略有增产的趋势，其中生物炭处理的油菜产量最高（2328 kg·hm-2）；常规处理的玉米产量最高（5838 kg·hm-2）.无论油菜季还是玉米季，各化肥减量处理较常规处理都普遍提高了氮肥和磷肥的农学利用率.在紫色土地区中，化肥减量配施生物炭和秸秆还田均有利于改善土壤养分、提高化肥利用率，达到减少氮肥、磷肥施用量和提高作物产量的效果. |
| 英文摘要 |
| The reduction in chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizers is a national strategy to achieve environmental friendliness and maintain the quality of cultivated land. It is of great significance for the prevention and control of soil pollution and the sustainable development of agriculture. In this study, purple soil and sloping land in the Three Gorges Reservoir area was studied. The field experiment method was used to study the control, conventional fertilization, optimized fertilization, biochar (fertilizer combined with biochar), and straw under rapeseed/corn rotation mode. The effects of five treatments on soil nitrogen/phosphorus form, crop nitrogen and phosphorus content, fertilizer utilization rate, and crop yield were studied in the field (fertilizer reduction combined with straw returning). The results showed that the soil ammonium nitrogen content was the highest in the rapeseed season, which was 4.51 mg·kg-1. The contents of ammonium nitrogen and alkali nitrogen in the treated corn season were significantly higher than those in the rape season. The reduction in chemical fertilizers can guarantee and increase the total nitrogen content of the soil. Among them, the total nitrogen content in the rapeseed and corn seasons treated with straw was the highest (0.56 g·kg-1 and 0.60 g·kg-1, respectively). The soil treated with straw in the rapeseed season had the highest available phosphorus content (0.76 mg·kg-1). Compared with conventional treatment, the reduction of chemical fertilizers combined with organic fertilizer did not significantly reduce the total phosphorus content of soil. The reduction of fertilization combined with organic fertilizer showed a slight increase in yield but showed the highest yield of rapeseed treated by biochar (2328 kg·hm-2) and the highest yield of conventionally treated maize (5838 kg·hm-2). However, there was no significant difference in each treatment (P>0.05). Regardless of the rapeseed season or the corn season, the reduction of fertilization treatment generally improved the agronomic utilization rate of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. In the purple soil area, the combination of chemical fertilizer reduction and biochar and straw returning were beneficial to improve soil nutrients, improve fertilizer utilization, and reduce the effects of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer application on crop yield. |
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