| 中国工程机械使用特征及其尾气排放趋势 |
| 摘要点击 1506 全文点击 707 投稿时间：2019-09-18 修订日期：2019-10-30 |
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| 中文关键词 工程机械 保有量 活动水平分析 尾气排放 排放清单 |
| 英文关键词 construction equipment population activity analysis tailpipe emissions emission inventory |
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| 中文摘要 |
| 非道路移动源的尾气排放因其对空气污染的贡献大而日益受到关注.准确估算非道路移动源的尾气排放清单对空气质量管理至关重要.本研究通过收集整理调研获取的工程机械活动水平数据，分析工程机械使用特征，包括：不同机械间的活动水平差异、活动水平的区域性差异及活动水平与机械车龄的关系等；此外，研究使用BP神经网络模型预测2018~2025年中国工程机械保有量，利用便携式尾气测量系统对47台工程机械进行现实工况下的尾气排放测量，量化其污染物排放水平，并最终结合机械活动水平估算2015~2025年中国工程机械的尾气排放清单.结果表明，工程机械的活动水平随着机械种类的不同而不同，年均使用时间在1439~4332 h之间变化.同一类机械在不同区域范围内的活动水平也存在较大的地域差异，最大差别可达3倍以上.此外，工程机械的活动水平一般也随机械车龄的增加而减少，据估计，车龄增加一年，其活动水平减少约140~150 h.经估算，2015年，中国工程机械CO、HC、NO和PM2.5的排放量分别为209.9、46.2、345.2和57.4万t；由于2015年后工程机械保有量增速放缓，到2020年，CO、HC和PM2.5排放量比2015年下降2.4%~33.1%不等，到2025年，排放量将进一步下降7.1%~64.7%.而NO排放量在2015年后稍有增加，但2020年后开始下降.然而，虽然工程机械污染物的排放持续下降，但与道路移动源相比，幅度较小，因此，其排放对大气污染的贡献将在未来日益突出，需引起足够重视. |
| 英文摘要 |
| Emissions from non-road equipment are attracting more attention due to their increasing contribution to air pollution. Thus, an accurate estimate of emission inventory for non-road equipment is imperative for air quality management and improvement. Activity data from a large range of construction equipment were collected from multiple sources, including on-site/phone interviews and literature review, and used for further analysis to characterize its operations. Activity analysis of construction equipment included:①activity of construction equipment by type (functionality); ②activity differences by geographical area; and ③activity differences by age. A back-propagation neural network model was developed to estimate the construction equipment population in China from 2018 to 2025. Furthermore, real-world measurements of emissions were made on 47 selected examples of construction equipment using a portable emission measurement system. Population, activity, and emission factors were then combined to develop emission inventories for construction equipment in China from 2015 to 2025. The results showed that activity of construction equipment differs by type or functionality, ranging from 1439 to 4332 hours per year. Furthermore, there are differences in activity by as much as three times due to geographical area differences for the same construction equipment type. In general, activity of construction equipment decreases as it ages by a rate of approximately 140 to 150 hours per year. It is estimated that CO, HC, NO, and PM2.5 emissions of construction equipment in China in 2015 were approximately 2.099, 0.462, 3.452, and 0.574 million tons, respectively. Compared to 2015, due to the slow growth of the construction equipment population, CO, HC, and PM2.5 emissions will decrease by 2.4%-33.1% and 7.1%-64.7% by 2020 and 2025, respectively, depending on pollutant. It should be noted that NO emissions appear to increase slightly for the first several years in the future, but then decrease after 2020. As increasingly stringent regulations have been enforced for on-road vehicles, but less has been done regarding non-road equipment, although total emissions from non-road equipment continue to decrease, their contribution to air pollution will continue to increase; they should therefore be one of the focuses for future work. |
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