环境科学  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (6): 3217-3227   PDF    
淮河下游湖泊表层水和沉积物中PPCPs分布特征及风险评估
武宇圣1,2,3, 黄天寅3, 张家根1,2,3, 田永静3, 庞燕1,2, 许秋瑾1,2     
1. 中国环境科学研究院湖泊水污染治理与生态修复技术国家工程实验室, 北京 100012;
2. 中国环境科学研究院国家环境保护湖泊污染控制重点实验室, 北京 100012;
3. 苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院, 苏州 215009
摘要: 为了解淮河下游湖泊(洪泽湖和高邮湖)表层水和沉积物中药品及个人护理品(PPCPs)的赋存特征及生态风险, 采集了23个采样点的43个表层水和沉积物样品, 检测了样品中的61种PPCPs, 分析了洪泽湖和高邮湖PPCPs的浓度水平空间分布, 计算了典型PPCPs在研究区水/沉积物系统的分配系数, 并利用商值法对目标PPCPs的生态风险进行评价.结果表明, 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中ΣPPCPs浓度分别是1.56~2 534.44 ng·L-1和3.32~1 027.47 ng·L-1, 沉积物中ΣPPCPs含量分别是1.7~926.7 ng·g-1和1.02~289.37 ng·g-1, 其中表层水中林可霉素(LIN)浓度最高, 沉积物中强力霉素(DOX)含量最高, 都以抗生素类药物为主要组分; PPCPs空间分布呈现洪泽湖高、高邮湖低的特征; 分配特征表明研究区域典型PPCPs更倾向停留在水相, lgKoc和lgKd之间具有显著相关性, 表明沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)对典型PPCPs在水/沉积物系统的分配起重要作用; 生态风险评价结果显示PPCPs对表层水和沉积物中藻类的生态风险显著高于蚤类和鱼类, 表层水中PPCPs的生态风险高于沉积物, 洪泽湖的生态风险高于高邮湖.
关键词: 淮河下游湖泊      药品与个人护理品(PPCPs)      分布特征      分配系数      生态风险评价     
Distribution Characteristics and Risk Assessment of PPCPs in Surface Water and Sediments of Lakes in the Lower Reaches of the Huaihe River
WU Yu-sheng1,2,3 , HUANG Tian-yin3 , ZHANG Jia-gen1,2,3 , TIAN Yong-jing3 , PANG Yan1,2 , XU Qiu-jin1,2     
1. National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
2. State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
3. School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
Abstract: In order to understand the occurrence characteristics and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in surface water and sediments of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River, 43 surface water and sediment samples from 23 sampling sites were collected, and 61 PPCPs were detected in the samples. The concentration level and spatial distribution of target PPCPs in Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake were analyzed, the distribution coefficient of typical PPCPs in the water/sediment system in the study area was calculated, and the ecological risk of target PPCPs was evaluated using the entropy method. The results showed that the PPCPs in surface water of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake were 1.56-2 534.44 ng·L-1 and 3.32-1 027.47 ng·L-1, respectively, and those in sediment were 1.7-926.7 ng·g-1 and 1.02-289.37 ng·g-1, respectively. The concentrations of lincomycin (LIN) in surface water and doxycycline (DOX) in sediment were the highest, and antibiotics were the main components. The spatial distribution of PPCPs was higher in Hongze Lake and lower in Gaoyou Lake. The distribution characteristics of typical PPCPs in the study area showed that typical PPCPs tended to stay in the water phase, and there was a significant correlation between lg Koc and lg Kd, indicating that total organic carbon (TOC) played an important role in the distribution of typical PPCPs in the water/sediment system. The ecological risk assessment results showed that the ecological risk of PPCPs to algae in surface water and sediment was significantly higher than that of fleas and fish, the ecological risk value of PPCPs in surface water was higher than that in sediment, and the ecological risk of Hongze Lake was higher than that of Gaoyou Lake.
Key words: lakes in the lower reaches of the Huaihe River      pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs)      distribution characteristics      distribution coefficient      ecological risk assessment     

药品与个人护理品(pharmaceuticals and personal care products, PPCPs)作为一类典型的新型污染物在世界范围内广泛使用, 主要由抗生素类药物、非抗生素类药物和个人护理品这3部分组成, 其中抗生素类药物主要包括磺胺类、四环素类、喹诺酮类和大环内酯类等; 非抗生素类药物主要包括非甾体抗炎药、血脂调节剂、内分泌药物、β-受体阻滞药和精神刺激药物等; 个人护理品主要包括杀菌剂、驱虫剂、人造麝香、杀虫剂和防晒剂等[1].PPCPs在提高人类生活质量, 促进养殖业发展等方面有很好的应用, 但是由于人类的广泛使用和持续排放, 导致PPCPs在水环境中呈现假持久性现象, 随着食物链和食物网的传递, 对生态系统和人体健康均会造成潜在危害[2].近年来, 我国水环境中PPCPs污染的相关报道日渐增多, 众多研究者在松花江[3]、白洋淀[4]、汾河[5]、骆马湖[6]、太湖[7]、洞庭湖[8]、三亚市[9]、九龙江[10]、钦州湾[11]和宁夏第三排水沟[12]等天然水体和饮用水源地中的多种环境介质中检测出不同浓度水平的PPCPs, 因此PPCPs对水环境的影响亟待关注.

洪泽湖与高邮湖位于淮河下游地区, 是我国南水北调东线工程重要的枢纽湖泊[13].这两座湖泊分别是我国第四和第六大淡水湖泊, 均属于大型过水性湖泊[14].淮河主干来水汇入洪泽湖后, 又经淮河入江水道进入高邮湖, 最终排入长江入海[15].两座湖泊作为淮河流域经济带重要的农业、渔业和生活用水来源, 对区域内经济社会的可持续发展和南水北调东线的供水水质安全发挥着重要作用[16].当前对两座湖泊的污染报道多集中在氮磷和重金属等常规污染物方面, 有关PPCPs这一类新型污染物的研究较少[17, 18].因此, 本研究在系统分析洪泽湖、高邮湖表层水和沉积物中PPCPs浓度特征的基础上, 探讨了典型PPCPs在水/沉积物系统的分布及分配特征, 并进行了生态风险评价, 以期为淮河流域湖泊中新型污染物的赋存现状与污染防控提供数据支撑和科学依据.

1 材料与方法 1.1 仪器与试剂

仪器设备:超高效液相色谱-串联三重四级杆质谱仪(Agilent LC 1260-MS 6470, 美国)、Oasis HLB固相萃取小柱(Waters, 美国)、12位固相萃取装置(Supelco Visiprep, 美国)、氮吹仪(N-EVAP-111, 南京)、涡旋混合器(QL-901, 海门)和纯水机(EPED-20TF, 南京).

标准样品:磺胺甲唑(SMX)、磺胺甲噻二唑(SMT)、磺胺间甲氧嘧啶(SMM)、磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、甲氧苄啶(TMP)、磺胺塞唑(STZ)、磺胺甲基嘧啶(SMR)、磺胺异唑(SIX)、磺胺二甲基异嘧啶(SIM)、磺胺甲氧哒嗪(SMP)、磺胺喹啉(SQX)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ)、磺胺二甲氧嗪(SDM)、磺胺嘧啶(SDZ)、诺氟沙星(NOR)、氧氟沙星(OFL)、环丙沙星(CIP)、恩诺沙星(ENR)、达氟沙星(DAN)、马波沙星(MAR)、沙氟沙星(SAR)、洛美沙星(LOM)、司氟沙星(SPA)、培氟沙星(PEF)、双氟沙星(DIF)、氟甲喹(FLU)、喹酸(OA)、萘啶酸(NA)、四环素(TC)、土霉素(OTC)、金霉素(CTC)、强力霉素(DOX)、美他环素(MTC)、红霉素(ETM)、罗红霉素(ROX)、泰乐菌素(TYL)、替米考星(TMC)、克拉霉素(CLA)、氯霉素(CHL)、氟苯尼考(FLO)、克林霉素(CLD)、林可霉素(LIN)、莫能菌素(MON)、青霉素(PCG)、泰妙菌素(TIM)、甲砜霉素(THI)、舒必利(SP)、双氯芬酸(DIC)、酮洛芬(KPF)、布洛芬(IBU)、对乙酰氨基酚(ATP)、吲哚美辛(IND)、扑湿痛(MEF)、普萘洛尔(PRO)、美托洛尔(MTP)、苯扎贝特(BEZ)、氯贝酸(CLO)、吉非罗齐(GEM)、咖啡因(CAF)、卡马西平(CBZ)和避蚊胺(DEET)共61种; 内标物为磺胺甲唑-13C6、盐酸环丙沙星-D8、红霉素-C2、避蚊胺-S14和吉非罗齐-D6.以上标准品和内标物均购于美国Sigma公司, 纯度均大于98%.

主要试剂:甲醇、甲酸和乙腈购自美国Fisher公司.

1.2 样品采集与前处理

于2021年11月在洪泽湖和高邮湖进行表层水样品和沉积物样品采集, 具体采样点见图 1.采样点位包括洪泽湖与高邮湖出入湖河口、中心湖区及湖湾等区域, 总计点位23个, 其中H1~H14号位于洪泽湖, G1~G9号位于高邮湖.

图 1 洪泽湖和高邮湖采样点分布示意 Fig. 1 Sampling sites distribution in Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake

野外采样前, 用甲醇和去离子水润洗采样相关设备.表层水样由有机玻璃采水器采集(水面以下0.5 m), 密闭保存于1 L的棕色玻璃瓶中, 在0~4℃冷藏保存; 沉积物样品由彼得逊采泥器采集(表面0~5 cm), 混合均匀后用锡纸包裹放入塑封袋中, 冷藏条件下运往实验室.

水样前处理:将1 L水样过滤, 加入25 ng提取内标液、500 mg Na2EDTA和25 mg抗坏血酸, 混合均匀并老化30 min.活化和平衡HLB固相萃取柱, 水样过柱.高纯水淋洗小柱, 抽真空下干燥0.5 h, 甲醇洗脱萃取柱.在水浴中以高纯氮气吹干.最后用含0.025%甲酸的甲醇水定容, 加入25 ng进样内标液, 涡旋混合.过膜移入自动进样样品瓶中, 4℃下冷藏待分析.

沉积物前处理:将沉积物样品进行冷冻干燥, 研磨过100目筛.取1 g样品放入离心管中, 加提取内标并老化30 min.加入15 mL磷酸盐缓冲液, 涡旋混合, 加入20 mL乙腈, 涡旋超声.离心并转移上层清液至锥形瓶中, 重复提取3次(第3次不加缓冲液), 旋蒸至20~30 mL.加入超纯水稀释, 加入500 mg Na2EDTA、抗坏血酸, 混匀后抽滤.后面处理步骤与水样一致.

1.3 样品测定条件

采用UPLC-MS/MS系统测定PPCPs浓度, 色谱柱为Agilent eclipse plus-C18液相色谱柱(3.5 μm×150×2.1 mm).流动相A为含0.05%甲酸的高纯水, 流动相B为甲醇.进行梯度洗脱, 洗脱程序为:0~15 min, 5%B线性增加至95%B, 保留4 min, 然后瞬间降至5%B, 平衡11 min.流速为0.4mL·min-1, 柱温为20℃, 进样体积为5 μL.采用喷雾电离源(ESI), 多反应监测(MRM)模式检测, 鞘气温度为350℃, 鞘气温度为7 L·min-1, 干燥气温度为300℃, 干燥气流量为7 L·min-1, 高纯氮气压力位0.15~0.20 MPa.

1.4 质量保证与控制

采用内标法对样品进行定量分析, 10个样品为一批, 每批样品中设置空白和空白加标样, 所有样品均加入内标物以控制前处理过程中的损失.各目标PPCPs的线性相关系数均大于0.99.内标回收率为72.13%~125.16%, 水和沉积物中61种PPCPs的加标回收率范围为82.75%~115.52%和72.52%~135.21%.检出限与定量限分别为3倍信噪比和10倍信噪比, 水和沉积物样品中61种PPCPs的检出限范围为0.03~0.56ng·L-1和0.02~0.45ng·g-1, 定量限范围为0.05~1.86 ng·L-1和0.09~1.68 ng·g-1, 相对偏差均小于10%, 空白样品中未检出这61种PPCPs符合质量控制要求.

1.5 生态风险评价方法

采用风险商(RQ)对水体中PPCPs的生态风险进行评价[19], 分为4级:RQ<0.01为无风险, 0.01≤RQ<0.1为低风险, 0.1≤RQ<1为中风险, RQ≥1为高风险, 具体计算公式为:

式中, MEC为环境实测浓度, ng·L-1; PNEC为预测无效应浓度, ng·L-1.

将沉积物PPCPs含量转换为间隙水中PPCPs的浓度, 然后通过水生生物毒性效应数据对沉积物进行生态风险评价[20], 其计算公式为:

式中, MEC为环境实测含量, ng·g-1; PNECwater为水体中预测无效应浓度, ng·L-1; Koc为有机碳化合物含量, L·kg-1; Foc为有机碳在沉积物中的含量(经实验测定, 取值为0.01 g·g-1).

采用联合风险商(RQsum)来表征PPCPs对水生生态系统的生态风险[21], 计算公式为:

2 结果与讨论 2.1 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中PPCPs浓度分布

洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水PPCPs检出结果如图 2所示.其中洪泽湖表层水61种PPCPs共检出21种, 高邮湖检出19种.从浓度水平来看, 洪泽湖表层水ΣPPCPs浓度范围在1.56~2 534.44 ng·L-1之间, 平均值为204.19 ng·L-1, 检出浓度最高的物质为林可霉素和舒必利, 林可霉素和舒必利最高值分别为551.26ng·L-1和63.26ng·L-1; 高邮湖表层水ΣPPCPs浓度范围在3.32~1 027.47 ng·L-1之间, 平均值为98.28 ng·L-1, 检出浓度最高的物质也是林可霉素和舒必利, 最高值分别为223.04ng·L-1和38.72ng·L-1.从检出率方面来看, 洪泽湖表层水中检出率达到100%的PPCPs共有16种, 其余PPCPs的检出率在7.14%~92.86%之间; 高邮湖表层水中检出率为100%的PPCPs共有15种, 其余PPCPs的检出率在11.11%~88.89%之间.

图 2 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中PPCPs浓度分布 Fig. 2 Distribution of PPCPs content in surface water of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake

从主要检出物质来看, 林可霉素、舒必利和克林霉素都是两座湖泊表层水的主要检出物质, 且与同是淮河流域的骆马湖检出结果相似[22], 但是同其他河流湖泊相比, 咖啡因和避蚊胺在两座湖泊检出浓度则较低, 不是主要污染物.从浓度范围来看, 洪泽湖ΣPPCPs浓度范围(1.56~2 534.44 ng·L-1)整体高于高邮湖(3.32~1 027.47 ng·L-1), 可能与洪泽湖作为淮河流域中游大型的过水性湖泊, 既是上游地区污染的“汇”, 也是下游地区和南水北调污染的“源”有关[23].洪泽湖和高邮湖ΣPPCPs浓度范围明显低于北运河(132~25 474 ng·L-1)[24]、白洋淀(42.3~7 710 ng·L-1)[25]和骆马湖(2.67~6 514.91 ng·L-1)[22], 而高于长江南京段(2.25~739.40ng·L-1)[26]、长江中游(35.40~704.57ng·L-1)[27]、洞庭湖(3.03~695.7 ng·L-1)[8]、金沙江(1.26~525.8 ng·L-1)[28]、河南省水源地(24.2~317.6 ng·L-1)[29]和汉江(37.47~292.96 ng·L-1)[30].总体来说, 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中PPCPs浓度处于中低水平.

从空间分布来看, 洪泽湖H13和H8点位的ΣPPCPs浓度最高, 分别为706.84 ng·L-1和434.57ng·L-1. H13点位于淮河干流, H8点位于徐洪河, 这两条河均为洪泽湖的主要入湖河流, 尤其淮河干流更是占到洪泽湖70%以上入湖水量, 入湖河流接纳的生活污水和工业废水汇入可能造成了高浓度的检出[31].高邮湖G2和G9点位的ΣPPCPs浓度高, 分别为331.53ng·L-1和339.05ng·L-1.G2点位位于淮河入江水道, G9点位位于金湖县禽畜养殖区, 淮河入江水道是连接洪泽湖与高邮湖的重要河道, 因而淮河经洪泽湖来水对高邮湖北部湖区PPCPs有一定影响, 而金湖县养殖区污水的外源输入可能是G9点位浓度高的主要原因[32].

洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水PPCPs组分特征如图 3所示.根据检出情况, 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中抗生素类药物的占比明显高于非抗生素类药物和个人护理品的占比.洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水抗生素类药物占比分别为81.7%和79.3%, 平均值分别为250.19ng·L-1和164.49ng·L-1; 非抗生素类药物占比分别为16.4%和18.7%, 平均值分别为50.29ng·L-1和38.74ng·L-1; 个人护理品占比分别为1.9%和2.0%, 平均值分别为5.84 ng·L-1和4.25 ng·L-1.造成这种现象的原因可能是养殖业是研究区周边几个县市的主要产业(盱眙的龙虾、高邮的麻鸭和洪泽的螃蟹), 大量养殖废水的排放造成了表层水中抗生素类药物的高浓度检出[33].

图 3 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中PPCPs组分对比 Fig. 3 Comparison of PPCPs components in surface water of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake

2.2 洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物中PPCPs含量分布

洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物中PPCPs检出结果如图 4所示.其中洪泽湖沉积物61种PPCPs共检出24种, 高邮湖检出16种.从含量水平来看, 洪泽湖沉积物ΣPPCPs含量范围在1.7~926.7 ng·g-1之间, 平均值为134.74 ng·g-1, 检出含量最高的物质为强力霉素和四环素, 最高值分别为97.23ng·g-1和63.61ng·g-1; 高邮湖沉积物ΣPPCPs含量范围在1.02~289.37ng·g-1之间, 平均值为49.64ng·g-1, 检出含量最高的物质为强力霉素和酮洛芬, 最高值分别为36.17ng·g-1和29.91ng·g-1.从检出率方面来看, 洪泽湖沉积物中检出率达到100%的PPCPs共有9种, 其余PPCPs的检出率在8.3%~75%之间; 高邮湖沉积物中检出率为100%的PPCPs共有9种, 其余PPCPs的检出率在12.5%~75%之间.

图 4 洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物中PPCPs含量分布 Fig. 4 Distribution of PPCPs content in sediments of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake

从主要检出物质来看, 强力霉素、酮洛芬和四环素均为两座湖泊沉积物中的主要检出物质, 且主要以四环素类抗生素(TCs)为主.从含量范围来看, 洪泽湖ΣPPCPs含量范围(1.7~926.7 ng·g-1)显著低于珠江口(152~1 483 ng·g-1)[34], 高于骆马湖(0.25~330.02 ng·g-1)[35]、上海青浦区水体(0.07~688.59 ng·g-1)[36]和太湖(1.60~129 ng·g-1)[37]; 高邮湖ΣPPCPs含量范围(1.02~289.37 ng·g-1)低于白洋淀(131.65~750.27 ng·g-1)[38], 高于黄河三角洲(40.97~207.44 ng·g-1)[39]、汉江(3.35~171.84 ng·g-1)[30]和西藏申扎镇水体(0.96~56.38 ng·g-1)[40].洪泽湖沉积物中PPCPs污染水平整体高于高邮湖, 且同国内其他河湖相比处于中高水平, 这可能与其检出种类主要以TCs为主有关, TCs本身官能团较多, 容易吸附到沉积物上, 而高邮湖水量比洪泽湖小, 因而处于中低水平[41].

从空间分布来看, 洪泽湖H1和H3点位的ΣPPCPs含量最高, 分别为353.63ng·g-1和336.52ng·g-1.H1和H3点位于洪泽湖中北部的非过水区, 水力交互较小, 污染物更易沉积, 周边养殖废水的排入都可能导致该点位PPCPs含量高于其他点位.高邮湖G7点位的ΣPPCPs含量最高, 为196.48 ng·g-1.G7点位于南部郭集镇水产养殖区, 该养殖区拥有2 km2的罗氏沼虾养殖面积, TCs的大量使用可能造成了该点位的高含量[42].

洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物PPCPs组分特征如图 5所示.洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物中抗生素类药物的占比明显高于非抗生素类药物和个人护理品的占比.洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物抗生素类药物占比分别为80.7%和69.7%, 含量平均值分别为220.12ng·g-1和83.45ng·g-1; 非抗生素类药物占比分别为18.1%和28.8%, 含量平均值分别为49.48ng·g-1和34.46ng·g-1; 个人护理品占比分别为1.2%和1.5%, 含量平均值分别为3.18 ng·g-1和1.84 ng·g-1.

图 5 洪泽湖和高邮湖沉积物中PPCPs组分对比 Fig. 5 Comparison of PPCPs components in sediments of Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake

2.3 洪泽湖和高邮湖水/沉积物系统PPCPs的分配特征

当环境条件发生变化时, 沉积物可作为PPCPs的二次污染源, 将PPCPs重新释放到水体中, 因此PPCPs在水/沉积物系统的分配行为日益引发关注.有机污染物在水/沉积物系统的分配系数Kd值(沉积物与水中污染物含量比值)是用来研究其在水环境中分配行为的重要参数[43].考虑到研究区水和沉积物之间检测频率的差异, 仅选择表层水和沉积物中检测频率较高的PPCPs进行分析.

图 6(a)图 6(b)可以看出, 洪泽湖与高邮湖典型PPCPs的lgKd值介于-3.88~1.97 L·kg-1和-3.19~2.53L·kg-1之间, 同上海市青浦区水体(lgKd值范围为2.86~5.61L·kg-1)[36]和黄河三角洲(lgKd值范围为1.55~4.06L·kg-1)[39]相比较低, 表明研究区内检出率较高的PPCPs更倾向于停留在水中.其中, 酮洛芬(KPF)是研究区内的lgKd值范围最高的PPCPs(洪泽湖0.83~1.97 L·kg-1, 均值1.32 L·kg-1; 高邮湖1.26~2.53 L·kg-1, 均值1.78 L·kg-1), 这表明KPF更倾向于吸附到沉积物上, 这可能与KPF的辛醇-水分配系数(lgKow为3.12)较高有关.此外, 研究区内不同采样点和不同种类PPCPs的lgKd值变化较大, 这表明PPCPs自身性质、沉积物特性及采样点环境因素都是影响PPCPs在水/沉积物系统分配的重要因素[44].如图 6(c)图 6(d)所示, 将Kd值除以对应沉积物TOC值计算有机碳归一化分配系数(Koc), 来进一步探究TOC对PPCPs的分配影响作用, 洪泽湖与高邮湖lgKoc值范围分布为-0.8~5.09 L·kg-1和0.03~5.38 L·kg-1[45].如图 6(e)图 6(f)所示, 将目标PPCPs的lgKd值和lgKoc值进行相关性分析发现PPCPs的lgKd和lgKoc之间存在显著线性关系, 表明沉积物TOC值能够影响沉积物和水间PPCPs分配特征, 这与剧泽佳等[46]在石家庄地表水得出的抗生素Kd值同沉积物TOC之间呈显著相关的研究结论相似.

图 6 洪泽湖和高邮湖典型PPCPs的分配特征 Fig. 6 Distribution characteristics of typical PPCPs in Hongze Lake and Gaoyou Lake

2.4 生态风险评价

根据检测的PPCPs数据, 运用商值法计算PPCPs的RQ值, 研究区表层水和沉积物PPCPs对藻类、蚤类和鱼类的生态风险评价结果如图 7所示.不同营养级生物对PPCPs的敏感程度存在差异, 藻类和蚤类的敏感程度明显高于鱼类, 尤其PPCPs对藻类的风险最高.以藻类为保护对象, 研究区表层水中LIN的风险等级最高, 达到了中风险(0.1≤RQ<1), 沉积物中DOX、TC和KPF的RQ均大于0.1, 处于中风险; 以蚤类为保护对象, 研究区表层水中SDZ、SMM、SPD、SMX、LIN、CLD、MTP和SP的RQ处于低风险(0.01≤RQ<0.1), 沉积物中SDZ、DOX、TC和KPF为低风险; 以鱼类为保护对象, 研究区表层水和沉积物PPCPs污染物均无明显风险(RQ<0.01).

图 7 表层水和沉积物中目标PPCPs生态风险评价 Fig. 7 Ecological risk assessment of the target PPCPs in the surface water and sediments

从空间分布来看, 研究区各采样点的RQsum图 8所示.表层水中H8、H11、H13点位的藻类风险水平达到中风险(0.1≤RQsum<1), 这3个点位均位于洪泽湖, 其他点位的藻类为低风险水平(0.01≤RQsum<0.1), 蚤类所有点位均为低风险, 鱼类为无风险(RQsum<0.01); 沉积物中H1和G7点位的藻类风险水平为中风险, H1位于洪泽湖, G7位于高邮湖, 藻类在其他点位均为低风险, 鱼类在洪泽湖H1、H2和H3点位达到低风险, 其余点位均为无风险, 蚤类在所有点位均为低风险.总体而言, 研究区所有点位表层水和沉积物的藻类风险高于蚤类和鱼类, 表层水和沉积物中PPCPs对于洪泽湖的总体风险大于高邮湖.

图 8 各采样点PPCPs生态风险 Fig. 8 Ecological risk of PPCPs at each sampling site

3 结论

(1) 洪泽湖和高邮湖表层水中ΣPPCPs浓度分别为1.56~2 534.44 ng·L-1和3.32~1 027.47 ng·L-1, 沉积物中ΣPPCPs含量分别为1.7~926.7 ng·g-1和1.02~289.37 ng·g-1.表层水中林可霉素、舒必利检出浓度较高, 沉积物中强力霉素、四环素检出浓度较高, 都以抗生素类PPCPs为主要组分.PPCPs含量的空间分布受入湖河流和周边养殖影响较大, 整体呈现洪泽湖高、高邮湖低的特征.

(2) PPCPs水/沉积物系统分配特征变化较大, 洪泽湖与高邮湖典型PPCPs的lgKd值介于-3.88~1.97L·kg-1和-3.19~2.53L·kg-1之间, PPCPs整体倾向停留在水相, TOC对PPCPs在水/沉积物系统的分配行为影响显著.

(3) 生态风险评价结果显示, 表层水和沉积物中PPCPs对藻类的生态风险明显高于蚤类和鱼类, 表层水中林可霉素对藻类均处于中风险, 沉积物中四环素、强力霉素和酮洛芬对藻类均处于中风险.各点位空间风险评价结果显示, 表层水中洪泽湖H8、H11和H13点位藻类为中风险, 沉积物中洪泽湖H1点位、高邮湖G7点位藻类为中风险.沉积物中PPCPs的生态风险值低于表层水体, 洪泽湖的生态风险高于高邮湖.

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