环境科学  2026, Vol. 47 Issue (4): 2767-2776   PDF    
老化对不同种类和粒径微塑料吸附三氯生的影响
李清华, 袁娴, 刘建昌, 沈晓芳     
苏州科技大学环境科学与工程学院,苏州 215009
摘要: 为研究老化对不同种类和粒径的微塑料(MPs)吸附三氯生(TCS)的影响,分析测定了老化0、30和90 d时50 μm和200 μm粒径的聚酰胺(PA)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(PBT)、聚乳酸(PLA)和聚氯乙烯(PVC)的理化性质及其对TCS的吸附性. 结果表明,老化显著增加了MPs表面的粗糙度;老化90 d后,除PVC50外,所有MPs的表面氧占比与老化前相比均增加,其中小粒径MPs的增幅更显著;PBT亲水性随老化时间的增加呈先升后降趋势,其余MPs的亲水性随着老化时间的增加而增强. 在同一老化程度下,PA的吸附性强于其它MPs. 老化30 d时,MPs对TCS的吸附性与老化前相比有所提升;但老化90 d后,PBT和PLA的吸附性较老化30 d时出现下降趋势. 研究证实材质特性、表面官能团演变及亲水作用主导的吸附机制共同影响MPs-TCS的相互作用,相关结果为MPs与TCS的复合污染风险评估提供了理论支撑.
关键词: 微塑料(MPs)      三氯生(TCS)      粒径      老化      吸附     
Effect of Ageing on the Adsorption of Triclosan by Microplastics of Different Types and Particle Sizes
LI Qing-hua , YUAN Xian , LIU Jian-chang , SHEN Xiao-fang     
School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
Abstract: In order to investigate the effect of aging on the adsorption of triclosan (TCS) by microplastics (MPs) of different types and particle sizes, the physicochemical properties of polyamide (PA), polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), polylactic acid (PLA), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with particle sizes of 50 μm and 200 μm, as well as their adsorption of TCS, were analytically determined under aging at 0, 30, and 90 d. The results showed that the surface roughness of MPs increased significantly. The results showed that aging significantly increased the surface roughness of the MPs. After 90 d of aging, the surface oxygen percentage of all MPs except PVC50 increased compared with that before aging, with the increase being more significant for the small-sized MPs. Further, the hydrophilicity of PBT showed a tendency of increasing and then decreasing with aging time, but the hydrophilicity of the rest of the MPs was enhanced with the increase in aging time. At the same aging level, the adsorption property of PA was stronger than that of other MPs. At 30 d of aging, the adsorption property of MPs on TCS was increased compared with that before aging. However, after 90 d of aging, the adsorption property of PBT and PLA showed a decreasing trend compared with that at 30 d of aging. MPs with smaller particle size had higher adsorption capacity due to more available adsorption sites, while the growth rate of adsorption of larger particle size PA, PLA, and PVC was higher than that of smaller particle size after aging compared with that before aging, whereas PBT had the opposite trend. The study confirms that material properties, surface functional group evolution, and hydrophilic interaction-dominated adsorption mechanism jointly affect the MPs-TCS interaction, and the results provide theoretical support for the risk assessment of MPs-TCS composite contamination.
Key words: microplastics (MPs)      triclosan (TCS)      particle size      aging      sorption     

微塑料(microplastics,MPs)的排放已引起广泛关注[1~4]. 进入环境的MPs会导致部分水生生物的生育率降低甚至死亡[5],也会影响土壤的养分循环和作物生长[6~8]. 三氯生(triclosan,TCS)作为抗菌剂被广泛添加在口腔护理品中[9],而释放到水环境中的TCS会影响水生生物的生长[10~12]. 由于MPs在水环境中广泛存在[13],MPs和TCS的复合污染危害也不可忽视[1415]. 因此,有必要研究MPs与TCS的相互作用.

不同材质的MPs,如聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)、聚丙烯(polypropylene,PP)和聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS),对TCS的吸附存在差异[16]. 不同粒径的MPs对污染物的吸附性也有差异,且不同研究的结果尚未统一[1718]. 因此,需要进一步探究不同材质和粒径的MPs对污染物的吸附性. 有研究发现,与老化前MPs相比,老化后MPs的理化性质发生了很大改变,进而影响了其环境行为[19~21]. 然而,不同研究关于老化对MPs吸附污染物能力影响的结论并不一致[22~25],可能与MPs的种类和老化时间有关. 此外,粒径对MPs老化作用的影响也不可忽视[26],但目前尚未有关于老化程度如何影响不同材质和粒径MPs吸附TCS的研究报道[27].

牙刷的材质普遍为塑料,而口腔护理产品中会添加TCS,这增加了MPs与TCS复合污染的概率. 通过前期的市场调研发现,聚酰胺(polyamide,PA)、聚对苯二甲酸丁二醇酯(polybutylene terephthalate,PBT)和聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC)是牙刷刷毛的几种主要材质. 此外,为了增加不同材质的对比,本研究引入了具有生物降解性的聚乳酸(polylactic acid,PLA). 各聚合物的单体结构和TCS结构如图 1所示. 有研究显示,长三角地区地表水中检出的MPs以粒径20~500 μm的颗粒为主要组分[28~30]. 且口腔护理过程排放的MPs中,粒径小于200 μm的颗粒占比高于80%[31]. 因此,本文研究了2个粒径(50 μm、200 μm)和4种材质(PA、PBT、PVC、PLA)的MPs在老化前后的结构和性质变化,并进一步研究老化前后MPs对TCS的吸附性变化,通过结合表征结果分析吸附机制,以期为口腔护理中MPs和TCS的潜在风险分析提供依据.

图 1 MPs单体结构和TCS结构 Fig. 1 Structure of MPs monomer and TCS

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验材料

MPs(PA、PBT、PLA和PVC)购自中国上海科信达高分子材料有限公司,每种材料包含2种粒径(50 μm和200 μm),分别表示为PA50、PA200、PBT50、PBT200、PLA50、PLA200、PVC50和PVC200. TCS(C12H7Cl3O2,98%)和甲醇(99.9%,HPLC级)分别购自百灵威TCI和Amethyst.

1.2 MPs的老化

紫外老化是MPs老化的常用实验方法之一. 有研究表明,与313、302和365 nm相比,254 nm的紫外光波长较短、光子能量较高且更易产生活性氧自由基,对MPs的老化效果较好[32~36]. 因此,选择紫外高压汞灯250 W(254 nm,25 W·m-2)作为老化光源. 将灯悬挂在箱子顶部中间位置,灯距为30 cm,每12 h的照射量约等于自然界8 d的照射总量[37]. 每隔12 h翻动一次,使其照射均匀,光照和避光以12 h为周期交替进行,收集模拟老化时间为30 d和90 d的MPs. 以PA50为例,老化30 d和90 d的MPs分别表示PA50-30和PA50-90,以此类推其余材料的表示方法.

1.3 表征方法

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,Quanta FEG 250,美国)观察MPs的表面形貌;采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,Thermo Nicolet 6700,美国)分析MPs的表面官能团;采用X射线光电子能谱仪测(XPS,Thermo Scientific K-Alpha,美国)测定MPs表面元素分布;采用接触角测试仪(Rame-hart 500,美国)测试MPs的接触角大小,每个样品重复测定3次后取均值.

1.4 吸附实验

有研究表明,吸附质的吸附率在20%~80%之间为合适的吸附过程[38]. 以此为标准,结合预实验结果,在TCS初始浓度范围为1~10 mg·L-1时,选择3 mg的PA、16 mg的PBT及PVC和5 mg的PLA对40 mL的TCS进行吸附实验. 实验时,根据确定的固液比称取MPs于玻璃瓶中,加入40 mL质量浓度分别为1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9和10 mg·L-1的TCS溶液,瓶口用锡纸密封再拧上瓶盖,放在摇床(25℃、100 r·min-1)中振荡36 h,预实验结果表明此时吸附已接近平衡. 平衡后用玻璃注射器抽取约为0.5 mL的样品,用0.45 μm玻璃纤维滤膜过滤. 收集滤液后,采用高效液相色谱仪(LC-20AT,岛津,日本)检测TCS浓度. 使用色谱柱为C18柱(ZORBAX Eclipse XDB-C18,4.6×150 nm,3.5 μm,安捷伦,美国),流动相为80%甲醇和20%纯水,流速为1 mL·min-1. 检测器为光电二极管阵列检测器(SPD-M20A,岛津,日本),检测波长为233 nm. 设置空白对照组,所有处理组重复2次.

1.5 数据分析

用线性和Freundlich模型拟合吸附等温实验结果,公式如下:

qe=kd×ce (1)
ln qe=ln KF+1n×ln ce (2)

式中,ce为平衡时TCS在溶液中的浓度(mg·L-1);qe为平衡时TCS在MPs上的吸附量(mg·g-1);kd为线性模型的分配系数(L·g-1);KF为Freundlich模型的吸附性系数(mg1-(1/n·L1/n·g-1);n为吸附过程的强度因子.

2 结果与讨论 2.1 MPs的表征 2.1.1 表面形貌分析

通过扫描电镜结果可以看出,老化前的MPs表面较平滑,而老化后的MPs表面较粗糙(图 2). 相同材质的MPs在老化30 d后表面出现沟壑和褶皱,且两种粒径的差别并不显著. 产生这种现象的原因之一是紫外老化导致塑料制造中添加的粘合剂释放,从而导致MPs破碎,表面的沟壑加深[39]. 另一原因是紫外老化导致MPs表面的碳碳键和碳氢键断裂,导致MPs表面化学官能团发生变化、表面粗糙度增加[40]. 老化90 d后,50 μm比200 μm MPs表面的褶皱和沟壑更加明显,可能是因为小粒径MPs因粒径较小导致更多表面暴露于紫外光下,从而更易受到老化的影响[4142]. 这种差别在老化30 d时不显著,但随着老化时间的延长逐渐显现.

图 2 不同微塑料的SEM图 Fig. 2 SEM images of different microplastics

2.1.2 红外光谱分析

为进一步研究MPs老化过程中官能团的变化,利用FTIR分析了老化前后MPs的红外吸收光谱(图 3). 在PA的红外谱图中,可以观察到CH2的不对称伸缩振动(2 867 cm-1、3 070 cm-1[43]和酰胺键的C=O伸缩振动(1 649 cm-1)、N—H伸缩振动(3 302 cm-1)及C—N伸缩振动(1 529 cm-1[44]. 在PBT的红外谱图中,2 960 cm-1附近的吸收峰归属于甲基和亚甲基的对称和不对称伸缩振动[45],720 cm-1处归属于苯环的面外弯曲振动. 与原始PBT相比,老化PBT上的C—O(1 102 cm-1)和C=O(1 720 cm-1)的吸收峰强度更高,表明在老化的PBT表面形成了新的含氧官能团. 在PVC的红外谱图中可以观察到C—Cl(757 cm-1)的伸缩振动峰,且老化前后的变化不明显. 老化前后PLA的红外吸收峰位置与强度基本一致,表明可能没有新的官能团产生[46]. 此外,可能局限于红外光谱仪的分辨率,同一材质和不同粒径的MPs的红外吸收无明显差异.

图 3 不同微塑料的红外谱图 Fig. 3 Infrared spectra of different microplastics

2.1.3 XPS分析

MPs的表面元素组成及C 1s分峰结果如表 1图 4所示. 在老化前,同一粒径不同MPs的表面化学组成存在显著差异(表 1). N元素仅在PA中测出,Cl元素仅在PVC种测出,与其结构相符(图 1). 除PA外,同一MPs的2种粒径老化前的表面C元素占比区别并不明显. 在C 1s形态分布中,相较其它2种MPs,PBT和PLA中C—O占比较高.

表 1 不同微塑料的表面元素分析1)/% Table 1 Surface elemental analysis of different microplastics /%

图 4 不同微塑料的C 1s分峰结果图 Fig. 4 C 1s spectra of different microplastics

老化后,在同一粒径下,PBT和PLA的C占比下降而O占比增加,表明材料表面发生了氧化[47]. 老化90 d后,除PVC50外,所有MPs相较于老化前表面氧含量都上升,其中小粒径MPs的增幅更显著. 对C 1s形态分布分析发现,随着老化的进行,C—C形态比例降低,而C—O和C=O比例增加,进一步证实了氧化的发生. 对于PA,其C和O的占比变化还受到N元素占比变化的影响. 对PVC而言,老化作用主要以脱Cl形式产生. 随着老化的进行,PVC中Cl占比显著减少,导致表观上C占比上升[48]. 值得注意的是,PBT表面C元素占比在老化30 d下降后,到老化90 d时反而增加了. PBT是半晶体聚合物,光老化引发的断裂通常发生在无定形区域,导致老化后PBT结晶度增加. 这种结晶度的增加可能会在一定程度上抵消由于链断裂导致的C元素占比下降,甚至可能导致C元素占比的相对增加,因为结晶区域的碳链更加稳定,不易断裂[49].

对于同一MPs,老化过程对不同粒径MPs的影响存在差异. 对PA和PVC而言,在同一老化时间下,大粒径MPs的C元素占比均低于小粒径MPs. PA200和PA50在老化前C元素的差异是因为其N元素的分布差异造成的,两者的O占比差异并不显著. 当老化30 d后,小粒径的脱氮程度显著高于大粒径,而氧化程度略高于大粒径,导致大粒径PA的C元素占比相对小粒径变低. 老化90 d后,两种粒径的N元素占比均有升高,而大粒径PA中N占比高于小粒径PA,导致后者的C元素占比较低. 对于PVC,老化前2种粒径的C、O和Cl占比接近. 老化30 d后,小粒径的PVC脱氯程度显著高于大粒径,导致小粒径的C和O占比相对增加;老化时间延长到90 d后,大粒径PVC的脱氯程度与小粒径相当,但氧化程度远高于小粒径PVC,导致大粒径PVC中C占比相对小粒径较低. 该趋势表明,粒径可能影响材料对环境老化的敏感性,较小粒径材料可能更容易受到老化因素的影响,导致表面化学状态的变化更为显著. 而PVC本身具有较高的稳定性[50],导致其差异并不显著.

2.1.4 接触角分析

疏水作用在MPs对有机污染物吸附行为中具有重要影响[51]. 因此,通过测定MPs的接触角来评估其疏水性,结果如图 5所示.

图 5 不同微塑料的接触角 Fig. 5 Contact angle of different microplastics

老化前,50 μm粒径MPs的接触角由大到小顺序为:PBT > PA > PVC > PLA,接触角最小的PLA为126.3°. 而200 μm粒径MPs的接触角从大到小依次为:PVC > PLA > PBT > PA. 粒径增加后,不同MPs的接触角变化程度不一致. 而对于同一种MPs,随着粒径的增加,其接触角减小,疏水性减弱. 可能是因为随着粒径增加,MPs的表面变得更加光滑(图 2). 疏水性材料表面平滑度越高,材料与水的实际接触面积越少,从而减少了表面张力的放大效果,导致其疏水性降低[52].

老化30 d后,不同MPs的接触角都有所降低. 粒径为50 μm的MPs中,下降程度最大的是PA(从129.6°下降至125.3°),下降程度最小的是PLA(从126.3°下降至124.8°). 粒径为200 μm的MPs中,变化最为明显的是PLA(从117.8°下降至107.4°),下降程度最小是PVC(从125.5°下降至为123.3°). 除PA和PLA外,相同MPs在老化30 d后,小粒径MPs的接触角变化率更大. 老化90 d后,粒径50 μm的MPs中,下降程度最大的是PA(从129.6°下降至为119.5°);而PBT较老化前和老化30 d,接触角有所上升(从老化前的131.0°上升至133.4°). 粒径200 μm中,PVC的接触角下降程度最大(从125.5°下降至109.7°),而PBT200-90也与PBT50-90一样呈现上升趋势. 相同MPs在老化90 d后,大粒径MPs的接触角变化率更大.

除PBT外,3种MPs粒径和材质虽然不同,但其接触角都随着老化时间的增长呈下降趋势. MPs表面随着老化时间的增加而变粗糙(图 2),空气与MPs接触面更大,更容易氧化其表面,导致接触角变化[37]. PLA50表面初始接触角相对较小,在老化过程中也会发生表面氧化,但由于其本身极性相对较高,增加的亲水官能团对接触角的影响并不显著,因此接触角下降幅度较小. 而PLA200在老化过程中更容易发生断裂破碎(图 2),导致其接触角下降程度相对更明显. PBT的接触角变化趋势与它的XPS结果中O元素占比变化趋势一致(图 4表 1),老化时间增加到90 d后,O元素的占比降低,导致接触角增大.

2.2 MPs对TCS的吸附等温线

为了研究不同MPs与TCS之间的相互作用,采用线性和Freundlich模型拟合了TCS在不同MPs上的吸附数据,拟合结果如表 2所示. 由回归系数R2可知,Freundlich拟合效果更优,其拟合曲线如图 6所示.

表 2 等温线拟合参数 Table 2 Isotherm fitting parameters

图 6 MPs吸附TCS的Freundlich等温线拟合 Fig. 6 Sorption isotherms of triclosan on microplastics fitted by Freundlich model

2.2.1 老化前不同MPs的吸附性

比较同一粒径下不同MPs的吸附性(KF值)可以发现,PA对TCS的吸附性远高于其它3种MPs(表 2[53]. PA的酰胺基与TCS的羟基均可作为质子给体和受体,形成的氢键作用有利于TCS的吸附,可能是PA吸附TCS的主要机制. 在50 μm粒径的MPs中,吸附性最低的是PVC,这与它C—O和C=O占比较低有关(表 1). 而C=O和C—O键的O原子具有孤对电子,可以作为氢键的受体,与TCS中的羟基形成氢键. 通过拟合结果可以发现,对于同一种MPs,小粒径的MPs对TCS吸附性更强,可能是因为50 μm的MPs具有更多的吸附位点[54].

2.2.2 老化对MPs吸附TCS的影响 2.2.2.1 老化时间对MPs吸附TCS的影响

不同老化阶段,KF值存在差异(表 2). 为了方便比较不同老化阶段MPs吸附性的差异,本文按照式(3)计算了KF的变化率:

KF变化nd-md=(KF,m-KF,n) / KF,n×100% (3)

式中,KF变化率nd-md为老化md时的KF相对于老化n > d时的变化率,%;KF,m为老化md时的KF,mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1KF,n为老化nd时的KF,mg1-1/n·L1/n·g-1. 计算结果如图 7所示. 老化30 d后,所有MPs对TCS的吸附性都有所提升(图 7). 其中,PBT50的吸附性提升最明显. 从XPS的结果可以看出,PBT50的O占比在老化30 d后增加了47.98%(表 1),这可能是PBT50吸附性提升较大的原因. 老化30 d后,PA表现出最强的吸附性能,但其吸附性较老化前的变化率并不明显(图 7),这与构成它酰胺基团的O和N占比在老化前后的变化较小是一致的,再次说明酰胺基团在其吸附TCS过程中起重要作用.

图 7 MPs对TCS吸附性随老化时间的变化率 Fig. 7 Rate of change with aging time of sorption affinity of microplastics for TCS

当老化时间进一步提高到90 d后,相较于老化前MPs,所有MPs的吸附性仍有所提升,但PBT和PLA的吸附性降低至老化30 d的吸附性之下. PBT吸附性降低与它的表面O占比变化有关,老化90 d后,PBT的O占比呈下降趋势(表 1),表明PBT随着老化时间进一步增加后含O官能数量反而减少,从而导致吸附点位减少、吸附性降低. PLA在老化90 d后吸附性变化率低于老化30 d,这与PLA的结构特性(图 1)有关. PLA是易降解塑料,在老化初期(0~30 d),PLA200接触角变化117.8°下降到107.4°(图 3);而从30~90 d,接触角仅下降了4.7°. 这说明PLA200随着老化进行,其理化性质逐渐稳定,O占比变化约为1.6%左右(表 1).

2.2.2.2 老化对不同粒径MPs吸附TCS的影响

与老化前的趋势一致,在相同材料和老化程度下,粒径小的MPs吸附性高于粒径大的(表 2). 这主要与粒径小的MPs拥有更多的吸附位点有关[55]. 同时,以往的研究也表明疏水作用在MPs吸附TCS中有一定的贡献[56],接触角结果表明粒径小的MPs具有更大的接触角(图 5),则拥有更强的疏水作用. 此外,表面更粗糙的MPs吸附性更强[57],对于同一材质而言,50 μm粒径的MPs表面更粗糙(图 2). 因此,在同一材质和老化程度下,50 μm粒径的MPs对TCS的吸附性强于200 μm粒径的MPs.

老化30 d后,PA200、PLA200和PVC200吸附性提高率(分别为31.52%、77.97%和50.67%)的吸附性提高率分别高于PA50(28.59%)、PLA50(52.05%)和PVC50(40.62%). 老化30 d后,以上MPs的表面O占比均有变化,但变化趋势并不一致(表 1). 进一步分析发现,PA和PLA在老化30 d后的接触角均有降低,且大粒径的降低率高于小粒径的降低率(图 3). 老化导致的极性官能团变化引起的表面亲水性的变化,进一步导致了不同的吸附性变化. 从PVC老化30 d的接触角变化来看,其表面亲水性均有提高,但差别不大(图 3). 然而,PVC200的O占比降低(2.84%),而PVC50的O占比增加(1.21%),这可能与两种粒径PVC在老化过程中的不同脱Cl程度有关(表 1). 与前3种MPs不同的是,PBT50的吸附性提高率显著高于PBT200(图 7),这可能与PBT50的O占比提高率(47.98%)高于PBT200(35.48%)相关,更多含O官能团的生成使吸附性提升更显著. 从接触角结果来看,PBT50接触角的提高率也高于PBT200,与其表面O占比变化一致.

老化90 d后,PA的吸附性与老化前相比进一步提高,PA200吸附性的提高率(49.18%)略高于PA50(48.68%). PA50-90和PA200-90的表面O占比较老化前略有提高,但其接触角有显著下降,且PA200的接触角下降程度相对更大(表 1图 5). 因此,表面亲水性的整体变化是影响PA吸附TCS的更主要的原因,且大粒径PA的亲水性变化更显著. 与老化30 d时类似,PLA200和PVC200吸附性变化率高于PLA50和PVC50,这与PLA50和PVC50的接触角降低率(6.65%和3.81%)低于PLA200(12.81%)和PVC200(12.58%)一致,说明亲水作用在老化后的MPs吸附TCS的过程中占主要作用. 同样与老化30 d时一样,PBT50的0~90 d吸附性变化率高于PBT200. PBT50在老化90 d后,O占比增加了34.5%,而PBT200的O占比仅增加0.08%,这使得PBT50吸附性提升更加明显.

3 结论

本研究揭示了MPs老化过程中表面理化性质的变化及其吸附行为差异的关系. 老化显著增加了MPs表面的粗糙度;且老化90 d时,老化对50 μm粒径MPs的形貌影响更大. 老化90 d后,除PVC50外,所有MPs的表面氧含量与老化前相比都有所升高,其中小粒径MPs的增幅更显著. 除了PBT的亲水性随着老化时间的增加先增加后降低外,其余MPs老化后的亲水性增强. 老化前,PA对TCS的吸附性最强;且对于同一材质,小粒径MPs的吸附性强于大粒径MPs. 老化后,所有MPs吸附能力与老化前相比均有所提升. 值得注意的是,老化90 d后,PBT和PLA的吸附性较老化30 d时出现下降趋势. 此外,与老化前相比,大粒径PA、PLA和PVC在老化后的吸附增长率高于小粒径,PBT则相反. 以上差异主要归因于老化诱导的表面氧官能团重构及其介导的亲水作用,同时揭示了MPs对TCS的吸附性具有显著的材质依赖性和粒径敏感性,为其环境评估风险提供了依据.

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