环境科学  2023, Vol. 44 Issue (10): 5800-5812   PDF    
长年耕作对北方旱作麦田土壤细菌群落结构及理化性质的影响
钟融1,2, 王培如1,2, 孙培杰1,2, 林文1,2, 任爱霞1,2, 任永康1,2, 孙敏1,2, 高志强1,2     
1. 山西农业大学农学院, 太谷 030801;
2. 黄土高原特色作物优质高效生产省部共建协同创新中心, 太谷 030801
摘要: 为探究旱作麦田长期耕作对不同土层细菌群落结构的影响及其与土壤理化性质的关系,于2016~2021年在山西农业大学闻喜旱地小麦试验示范基地开展长期定位试验,研究夏闲期免耕(NT)、深松(ST)和深翻(DP)这3种耕作方式对不同土层土壤理化性质,细菌群落αβ多样性,细菌门和属优势物种及差异物种的影响,并采用PICRUSt2预测其代谢功能.结果表明,旱作麦田连续5a深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了20~40 cm土层土壤含水量,显著降低了0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量;深松较深翻显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量.深松和深翻较免耕可提高0~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的α多样性,且深松高于深翻.深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了0~20 cm土层中酸杆菌门、硝化螺旋菌门和20~40 cm土层中酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、Rokubacteria门、GAL15门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度;显著提高了0~20 cm土层硝化螺旋菌属和20~40 cm土层Rubrobacter属和链霉菌属的相对丰度.深松较深翻显著提高了0~40 cm土层酸杆菌门、芽单胞菌门的相对丰度.冗余分析表明,0~20 cm土层的土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量对放线菌门和牙殖球菌属产生正向效应,且深松下0~40 cm土层的土壤含水量对酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门产生正向效应.PICRUSt2预测结果表明,深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了20~40 cm土层细菌群落的氨基酸代谢和辅酶维生素代谢的相对丰度,但降低了脂质代谢的相对丰度;深松较深翻显著提高了0~40 cm土层细菌群落的氨基酸代谢和0~20 cm土层其他氨基酸代谢的相对丰度.总之,旱地麦田夏闲期深松或深翻均可提高土壤含水量、土壤细菌群落的α多样性及细菌群落的代谢能力,深松还可提高酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度,并提高细菌群落的氨基酸代谢能力,从而提高了土壤可溶性有机碳、氮含量.
关键词: 夏闲期耕作      旱作麦田      Illumina测序      细菌群落结构      代谢功能     
Effects of Long-term Tillage on Soil Bacterial Community Structure and Physicochemical Properties of Dryland Wheat Fields in Northern China
ZHONG Rong1,2 , WANG Pei-ru1,2 , SUN Pei-jie1,2 , LIN Wen1,2 , REN Ai-xia1,2 , REN Yong-kang1,2 , SUN Min1,2 , GAO Zhi-qiang1,2     
1. College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agriculture University, Taigu 030801, China;
2. Collaborative Innovation Center for High-quality and Efficient Production of Characteristic Crops on the Loess Plateau Jointly Built by Provinces and Ministries, Taigu 030801, China
Abstract: To explore the effects of long-term tillage on bacterial community structure in different soil layers of dryland wheat fields and its relationship with soil physicochemical properties, a long-term field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2021 in Wenxi Experimental Demonstration Base of Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi Province. We studied the effects of no-tillage (NT), subsoiling-tillage (ST), and deep plowing (DP) on soil physicochemical properties; α and β diversity of the bacterial community; and dominant and different species of phyla and genera in different soil layers. Additionally, PICRUSt2 was used to predict the metabolic function of soil bacterial community. The results revealed that subsoiling-tillage and deep plowing significantly increased the soil water content in the 20-40 cm soil layer and significantly decreased the soil organic carbon content in the 0-20 cm soil layer compared with that under no-tillage for five consecutive years. Compared with that under deep plowing, subsoiling-tillage significantly increased soil water content, soil organic carbon content, dissolved organic carbon content, and dissolved organic nitrogen content in the 0-20 cm soil layer. Compared with that under no-tillage, subsoiling-tillage and deep plowing increased the α diversity of the soil bacterial community in the 0-40 cm soil layer, and subsoiling-tillage was higher than deep plowing. Compared with that under no-tillage, subsoiling-tillage and deep plowing significantly increased the relative abundances of Acidobacteria and Nitrospirae in the 0-20 cm soil layer and Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Gemmatimonadetes, Rokubacteria, GAL15, and Nitrospirae in the 20-40 cm soil layer. Compared with that under no-tillage, subsoiling-tillage and deep plowing significantly increased the relative abundance of Nitrospira in the 0-20 cm soil layer and Rubrobacter and Streptomyces in the 20-40 cm soil layer. Compared with that under deep plowing, subsoiling-tillage significantly increased the relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes in the 0-40 cm soil layer. Redundancy analysis demonstrated that the contents of soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and dissolved organic nitrogen in the 0-20 cm soil layer exerted positive effects on Actinobacteria and Blastococcus, and the soil water content in the 0-40 cm soil layer exerted positive effects on Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Gemmatimonadetes under subsoiling-tillage. The results of PICRUSt2 prediction showed that subsoiling-tillage and deep plowing significantly increased the relative abundance of amino acid metabolism and the metabolism of cofactors and vitamins but decreased the relative abundance of lipid metabolism of bacterial communities in the 20-40 cm soil layer compared with that under no-tillage. Compared with that under deep plowing, subsoiling-tillage significantly increased the relative abundances of amino acid metabolism in the 0-40 cm soil layer and other amino acid metabolism in the 0-20 cm soil layer. In conclusion, subsoiling-tillage or deep plowing could increase the soil water content, α diversity of the soil bacterial community, and their metabolic capacity in the dryland wheat fields during the summer fallow period. The relative abundance of Acidobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes and the ability of amino acid metabolism of the bacterial community were increased by subsoiling-tillage, and thus the contents of soil dissolved organic carbon and dissolved nitrogen can be increased.
Key words: summer fallow tillage      dryland wheat fields      Illumina sequencing      bacterial community structure      metabolic functions     

土壤是农田生态系统中维持作物、微生物生长活动的基础[1].土壤微生物是评估农业实践的重要指标, 常被视为农田生态系统的“传感器”, 并通过与复杂环境的相互影响在生态系统功能中发挥着重要作用[2, 3].因此, 土壤微生物群落的结构和功能会随着不同耕作方式而发生变化.

免耕、深松和少耕等保护性耕作可稳定土壤结构, 提高土壤有机质含量和生物活性, 并改善土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.Li等[4]在黑龙江松嫩平原半湿润地区的15 a长期定位试验结果表明, 免耕较传统耕作显著改善了土壤理化性质, 并增加了土壤表层的细菌群落α多样性.傅敏等[5]在华北平原半湿润地区的6 a长期定位试验结果表明, 深松较旋耕显著提高了土壤有机碳含量, 并促进土壤微生物群落结构和多样性.Wang等[6]在关中平原半湿润地区的5 a长期定位试验结果表明, 免耕和深松较翻耕使细菌群落的Simpson指数提高了378%, 并显著增加了有益功能细菌的相对丰度.Wang等[7]在黄土高原半湿润地区的8 a长期定位试验结果也表明, 免耕和深松较传统耕作分别使细菌群落的Shannon指数显著提高了22.8%和18.8%, 并促进土壤养分的积累.但也有研究表明, 深翻、旋耕和深耕可降低土壤容重, 增加土壤的通气性, 协调土壤中水、肥、气、热的关系, 为土壤微生物提供良好的生存环境[8, 9].张乃文等[10]在黑龙江松嫩平原半湿润地区的2 a试验结果表明, 深翻较常规耕作可通过提高土壤可溶性有机碳含量影响土壤微生物群落的均匀度指数.Ji等[11]在华北平原半湿润地区的短期试验结果表明, 深翻较常规耕作显著提高了土壤细菌群落的丰富度和土壤酶活性.陈金等[12]在华北平原半湿润地区的5 a长期定位试验结果表明, 2 a旋耕后接1 a深耕可显著改善耕层土壤养分状况及生物活性.

土壤微生物在有机质分解和养分循环中扮演重要的角色, 其功能对耕作方式的改变产生响应[13].Liu等[14]在黄土高原西部半干旱地区的17 a长期定位试验结果表明, 免耕较传统耕作显著改善了土壤理化性质进而促进细菌群落的代谢功能.Cao等[15]在松辽平原半湿润地区的11 a长期定位试验结果表明, 免耕较常规耕作显著提升了土壤化学养分以及细菌群落丰富度和多样性, 并显著提高了细菌群落的碳水化合物代谢能力.Zhang等[16]在松辽平原半干旱地区的3~4 a长期定位试验结果表明, 深松较常规耕作对土壤微生物群落的α多样性无显著影响, 但促进了与氮固定功能相关的基因丰度.萨如拉等[17]在辽河平原半干旱地区的短期试验结果表明, 深翻较常规耕作可增加10~30 cm土层土壤细菌群落多样性, 改善土壤细菌群落组成, 并提高纤维素降解、固氮等功能多样性.此外, 作物秸秆的输入也是影响土壤微生物群落及其代谢功能的主要驱动因素[18, 19].一方面, 秸秆还田可以增加土壤中有机质的输入, 从而提高土壤肥力[20].另一方面, 秸秆的还田也会影响土壤微生物的生境、生物量、活性和多样性[18, 19, 21].尽管有众多学者研究耕作方式对微生物群落结构及代谢功能的影响, 但不同地区、气候、年限和土层等的研究结果各不相同, 并且针对黄土高原旱作农田土壤微生物群落结构及代谢功能的研究仍然甚少.

本研究在黄土高原旱地麦田进行夏闲期耕作5 a后, 分析夏闲期耕作对0~40 cm土层土壤理化性质的影响, 采用Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术探究不同耕作方式对0~40 cm土层土壤微生物群落结构的变化, 并运用PICRUSt2预测其代谢功能, 以期为我国北方旱作农业的可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑.

1 材料与方法 1.1 试验地概况

本试验于山西省闻喜县山西农业大学旱地小麦试验示范基地(35°23′N, 111°25′E, 海拔810 m)进行.该地区属温带大陆性气候, 年平均气温12~14℃, 年均日照时长2 300 h, 无霜期200 d左右, 近5年年均降水量461.3 mm, 大约60%的降水集中在7~9月.种植制度为雨养冬小麦-夏休闲, 水分来源为天然降水, 无灌溉条件.试验地为丘陵旱地, 土壤为黄垆土, 母质是深厚的中壤质马兰黄土, 属石灰性褐土亚类火褐黄土土属, 土体深厚, 通透性好, 弱碱性, 肥力中等(中国土壤数据库, http://vdb3.soil.csdb.cn/).2016年耕作前0~40 cm土层土壤理化性质见表 1.

表 1 2016年夏闲期耕作前土壤基本理化性质1) Table 1 Basic physicochemical properties of soil before tillage in the summer fallow period of 2016

1.2 试验设计

本试验为长期定位试验, 始于2016年7月, 供试冬小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)品种为运旱618(闻喜县农业局提供).采用随机区组设计, 设免耕[NT, 图 1(d)]、深松[ST, 图 1(e)]和深翻[DP, 图 1(f)]这3个水平, 重复3次, 小区面积30 m×5 m=150 m2.前茬小麦收获时留高茬20~30 cm, 夏闲期耕作于7月中、下旬进行, 免耕在夏闲期不进行任何耕作处理; 深松在夏闲期将有机肥采用深松施肥一体机[图 1(a)]施入土壤, 作用深度30~40 cm; 深翻在夏闲期将有机肥与粉碎的秸秆采用深翻机[图 1(b)]施入土壤, 作用深度25~30 cm, 深松和深翻处理耕作时施有机肥750 kg·hm-2[ω(有机质)≥45%].所有处理在8月底浅旋, 浅旋时免耕处理施有机肥750 kg·hm-2[ω(有机质)≥45%], 平整土地, 耙耱收墒.在9月底或10月初播种, 播前基施氮肥(尿素, 46%)、纯磷(过磷酸钙, 16% P2O5)和纯钾(氯化钾, 52% K2O)各150 kg·hm-2, 采用常规播种施肥一体机[图 1(c)]进行常规条播[图 1(g)], 行距17 cm, 播量165 kg·hm-2.其他农药等田间管理措施同当地农户.

图 1 夏闲期耕作方式与播种方式 Fig. 1 Tillage method in summer fallow period and sowing method

1.3 测定项目与方法

于2021年5月2日(冬小麦开花期)采用五点取样法, 分别在各处理3个小区的0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层(远离冬小麦根部)中采集, 用2 mm的筛去除石块和根.将土样分为3个部分, 第一部分风干后测定土壤有机碳等; 第二部分保存在4℃冰箱中用于测定可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮等; 第三部分分装于10 mL离心管, 放入有冰袋的保温箱内, 迅速带回实验室, 放入-80℃冰箱, 用于DNA提取.另外, 在各处理的3个小区内采用环刀法[22]取样, 带回实验室测定土壤容重(BD).在土∶水为1∶5时, 使用pH计(Mettler-Toledo FE 28, Berne, 瑞士)测定土壤pH值[23]; 有机碳测定采用Xue等[24]的方法; 可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮测定采用Berthrong等[25]的方法; 土壤含水量测定采用Mulumba等[26]的方法.

1.4 DNA提取和细菌16S的PCR扩增子测序

整个测序过程由上海派森诺生物科技股份有限公司使用Illumina MiSeq平台完成.使用OMEGA Soil DNA Kit(M5635-02)(Omega Bio-Tek, Norcross, GA, USA) 提取总基因DNA样本, 并在-20℃下存储, 然后进行进一步分析.提取的总DNA浓度和质量分别用NanoDrop NC2000分光光度计(Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA)和琼脂糖凝胶电泳测定.细菌16S rRNA基因V3-V4区进行PCR扩增选用正向引物338F(5′-ACTCCTACGGG AGGCAGCA-3′)和反向引物806R (5′-GGACTACH VGGGTWTCTAAT-3′).再利用Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit对PCR产物在Microplate reader(BioTek, FLx800)上进行定量, 然后按照每个样品所需的数据量进行混样.再利用Illumina公司的TruSeq Nano DNA LT Library Prep Kit进行建库.随后进行文库质检和定量, 取1μL文库, 在Agilent Bioanalyzer机器上用Agilent High Sensitivity DNA Kit对文库做2100质检, 合格的文库应该有单一的峰, 无接头.利用Quant-iT PicoGreen dsDNA Assay Kit在Promega QuantiFluor上对文库进行定量, 合格的文库计算后浓度应在2 nmol·L-1以上.对合格的文库, 在Illumina NovaSeq机器上利用NovaSeq 6000 SP Reagent Kit(500 cycles)进行2×250 bp的双端测序.

1.5 序列分析

使用QIIME2 2019.4进行分析微生物组生物信息[27], 并根据官方教程(https://docs.qiime2.org/2019.4/tutorials/)略微改动.然后使用DADA2插件对序列进行质量过滤、去噪、合并和去除嵌合体[28].将非单例扩增子序列变异(ASVs)与mafft对齐[29], 并用fasttree2构建系统发育[30].最后用特征分类器插件中的classify-sklearn naïve Bayes taxonomy classifier针对SILVA Release 132数据库[31]对ASVs进行分类.

1.6 生物信息学和统计学分析

使用多样性插件进行评估α多样性指标(Chao1[32]、Observed_species、Shannon[33, 34]、Simpson[35]和Pielou's evenness[36]指数)和β多样性指标(Bray-Curtis和Weighted_UniFrac[37]).其中, Chao1指数和Observed_species指数可以用来评估土壤微生物群落的丰富度, 数值大说明群落丰富度越高; Shannon指数和Simpson指数可以用来评估土壤微生物群落的多样性, 数值越大, 说明群落多样性越高; Pielou_evenness指数可以用来评估土壤微生物群落的均匀性, 数值大会提高群落多样性.使用非度量多维尺度分析(NMDS)来说明不同土壤样品间的聚类关系.冗余分析(RDA)用于评价土壤理化性质与土壤细菌群落组成之间的关系.

采用Excel 2010进行数据整理和制图, SPSS 26软件进行二因素方差分析和统计分析.采用LSD事后检验比较不同耕作方式的差异, 显著性水平设为P<0.05.采用Phylogeneration Investigation of Community, Reconstruction of Unobservation States(PICRUSt2)分析[38], 在KEGG数据库(https://www.kegg.jp/)预测微生物功能.

1.7 测序结果登录号

本试验所有原始测序序列均上传至National Center for Biotechnology Information Sequence Read Archive database(NCBI)数据库, 登录号为PRJNA 790651.

2 结果与分析 2.1 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤理化性质的影响

耕作方式对所有土壤理化性质均具有显著或极显著影响, 且土层与耕作方式互作对土壤含水量、土壤有机碳含量、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量均有极显著影响(表 2).夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕显著降低了0~20 cm土层SOC含量, 降低了BD; 显著提高了20~40 cm土层SWC, 增幅分别达18.05%和12.25%.深松较深翻显著提高了0~20 cm土层SWC、SOC含量、DOC浓度和DON浓度, 增幅分别达9.57%、10.08%、22.03%和16.54%, 提高了0~20 cm土层BD和20~40 cm土层SWC.此外, 3种耕作方式下0~20 cm较20~40 cm土层显著提高了SOC含量、DOC浓度和DON浓度, 但显著降低了BD.

表 2 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤理化性质的影响1) Table 2 Effects of summer fallow tillage on soil physicochemical properties in dryland wheat field

2.2 夏闲期耕作对旱地麦田土壤细菌群落α多样性的影响

耕作方式对Shannon指数、Simpson指数和Pielou_evenness指数均具有显著或极显著影响, 且土层与耕作方式互作对土壤细菌群落的所有α多样性指标的影响不显著(表 3).夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕提高了0~20 cm土层土壤细菌群落的所有α多样性指标和20~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的Chao1指数、Shannon指数和Pielou_evenness指数; 显著提高了20~40 cm土层Simpson指数.深松较深翻提高了0~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的所有α多样性指数, 其中, 0~20 cm土层Simpson指数和20~40 cm土层Shannon指数、Pielou_evenness指数均达显著水平.此外, 3种耕作方式下0~20 cm较20~40 cm土层提高了Chao1指数、Observed_species指数.

表 3 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落α多样性的影响1) Table 3 Effects of summer fallow tillage on α diversity of soil bacterial communities in dryland wheat fields

2.3 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落β多样性的影响

基于Bray_Curtis和Weighted_Unifrac距离的非度量多维尺度(NMDS)分析的stress值分别为0.041 5和0.005 32(图 2).3种耕作方式下0~20 cm土层的细菌群落组成具有很高的相似性.夏闲期深松和深翻20~40 cm土层的细菌群落组成差异较小, 但两种耕作处理与免耕的细菌群落组成差异较大.此外, 3种耕作方式下0~20 cm和20~40 cm土层的差异较大.

图 2 夏闲期耕作下农田土壤微生物NMDS分析 Fig. 2 NMDS analysis of soil microorganism in farmland in summer fallow tillage

2.4 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落门和属分类水平上优势物种及差异物种的影响

放线菌门(Actinobacteria, 44.44%)、变形菌门(Proteobacteria, 17.86%)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria, 9.84%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi, 8.78%)、芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes, 4.83%)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes, 3.67%)、Rokubacteria(2.57%)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes, 1.92%)、GAL15(1.53%)和硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospirae, 1.92%)是0~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的优势门[相对丰度>1%, 图 3(a)].夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了0~20 cm土层酸杆菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、Rokubacteria、GAL15和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度, 但显著降低了20~40 cm土层变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度.深松较深翻显著提高了0~20 cm土层酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度, 但降低了0~20 cm土层放线菌门、变形菌门、拟杆菌门和GAL15的相对丰度, 显著降低了20~40 cm土层Rokubacteria和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度.此外, 3种耕作方式下0~20 cm较20~40 cm土层提高了放线菌门和变形菌门的相对丰度, 但显著降低了厚壁菌门、Rokubacteria、GAL15和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度.

图 3 夏闲期耕作下农田土壤细菌门和属的优势物种及差异物种 Fig. 3 Dominant species of phyla and genera and distinct species in farmland in summer fallow tillage

Subgroup_6(4.84%)、MB-A2-108(3.48%)、Solirubrobacter(3.03%)、牙殖球菌属(Blastococcus, 2.95%)、Gaiella(2.85%)、67-14(2.68%)、Rokubacteriales(2.35%)、KD4-96(2.02%)、GAL15(1.53%)、类诺卡氏菌属(Nocardioides, 1.50%)、JG30-KF-CM45(1.45%)、普拉梭菌属(Faecalibacterium, 1.21%)、MND1(1.20%)、Rubrobacter(1.20%)、链霉菌属(Streptomyces, 1.16%)、Gitt-GS-136(1.15%)、硝化螺旋菌属(Nitrospira, 1.15%)、RB41(1.13%)和S085(1.06%)是0~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的优势属[相对丰度>1%, 图 3(b)].夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了0~20 cm土层Subgroup_6MB-A2-108Rubrobacter、链霉菌属和硝化螺旋菌属的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层Subgroup_6MB-A2-108GaiellaRokubacterialesGAL15Rubrobacter、链霉菌属、硝化螺旋菌属和S085的相对丰度.深松较深翻显著提高了0~20 cm土层Subgroup_6MB-A2-108Gaiella67-14RokubacterialesKD4-96JG30-KF-CM45RubrobacterRB41的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层SolirubrobacterGaiella67-14KD4-96Gitt-GS-136RB41的相对丰度.

LEfSe分析表明, LDA阈值为3.91, 且各个处理间的土壤细菌群落具有显著差异[图 3(c)].在门水平上, 共有6种细菌存在显著差异, 分别为酸杆菌门、拟杆菌门、厚壁菌门、GAL15、芽单胞菌门和Rokubacteria, 其中LDA得分最高的细菌为酸杆菌门, 且其在深松处理20~40 cm土层的相对丰度最高.在属水平上, 共有9种细菌存在显著差异, 分别为牙殖球菌属、类诺卡氏菌属、MB-A2-108Gaiella67_14SolirubrobacterS085GAL15Rokubacteriales, 其中LDA得分最高的细菌为牙殖球菌属, 且其在深翻处理0~20 cm土层的相对丰度最高.

2.5 夏闲期耕作下土壤细菌门和属分类水平上优势物种与土壤理化性质的冗余分析

冗余分析显示了每个环境因素对微生物群落总方差的贡献, 以及环境因素、样本和微生物群落之间的关系(图 4).RDA1和RDA2轴共同解释了细菌门和属分类水平结构总变化的68.02%[图 4(a)]和76.38%[图 4(b)].在细菌门分类水平中, SOC、DOC和DON与放线菌门呈正相关, 并对3种耕作方式下0~20 cm土层产生积极影响; SWC与酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门呈正相关, 并对深松下0~40 cm土层产生积极影响; BD在RDA1具有较大的正值, 但对细菌群落结构的影响不显著.在细菌属分类水平中, SOC、DOC和DON与牙殖球菌属呈正相关, 并对3种耕作方式下0~20 cm土层产生积极影响.

蓝色箭头表示不同环境因素在平面上的相对位置, 箭头越长表示影响越显著; 红色箭头表示细菌门和属相对丰度>1%的物种在平面上相对位置 图 4 夏闲期耕作下农田土壤细菌门和属的冗余分析 Fig. 4 Redundancy analysis of phyla and genera of soil bacteria in farmland in summer fallow tillage

2.6 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落新陈代谢功能的影响

本研究基于KEGG数据库注释信息, 通过PICRUSt2分析预测3种耕作方式下0~40 cm土层土壤细菌群落的代谢通路, 结果表明, 在1级水平上, 细菌群落的新陈代谢功能占据所有功能的82.21%[图 5(a)].0~40 cm细菌群落共有11种新陈代谢功能受夏闲期耕作的影响[图 5(b)], 分别为碳水化合物代谢、氨基酸代谢、辅酶维生素的代谢、萜类和多酮类化合物代谢、其他氨基酸的代谢、脂质代谢、外源生物降解及代谢、能量代谢、其他次生代谢物的生物合成、聚糖的生物合成和代谢以及核苷酸代谢.夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕提高了0~20 cm土层细菌群落氨基酸代谢、辅酶维生素代谢、萜类和多酮类化合物的代谢、其他氨基酸的代谢、聚糖的生物合成和代谢以及核苷酸代谢的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层氨基酸代谢和辅酶维生素代谢的相对丰度.深松较深翻显著提高了0~20 cm土层细菌群落氨基酸代谢和其他氨基酸代谢的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层氨基酸代谢的相对丰度.此外, 3种耕作方式下0~20 cm较20~40 cm土层显著提高了外源物质降解及代谢的相对丰度, 但显著降低了萜类和多酮类化合物代谢、能量代谢、聚糖的生物合成和代谢以及核苷酸代谢的相对丰度.

图(b)中柱形旁不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) 图 5 夏闲期耕作下农田土壤细菌群落的代谢功能 Fig. 5 Metabolic function of soil bacterial community in summer fallow tillage

3 讨论 3.1 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤理化性质的影响

在旱地麦田提前耕作能够影响土壤的理化性质, 进而促进土壤蓄水保墒能力及对小麦养分的供应[39].在本研究中, 夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕显著降低了0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳含量, 降低了土壤容重, 但显著提高20~40 cm土层土壤含水量.这主要是因为免耕对土壤扰动较小, 降低了有机碳的矿化[40], 且8月底浅旋时将有机肥和前茬秸秆覆于土壤表层, 促进了免耕处理表层土壤有机碳含量的积累[41].而夏闲期深松和深翻对土壤的扰动导致容重降低, 尽管增加了土壤孔隙度, 促进了20~40 cm土层土壤水分的储存, 但不利于有机碳的固定[42].笔者团队先前的研究也表明[39, 43, 44], 夏闲期深松和深翻可有效地打破土壤板结层, 蓄积雨水于土壤中, 以解决小麦生育期水分供应不足等问题, 这与本研究结果一致.此外, 深松较深翻可显著提高0~20 cm土层土壤含水量、土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮含量.这可能是因为深翻处理使得有机肥和秸秆与整个耕层土壤充分地接触, 加速了有机肥和秸秆的分解和腐殖化[45], 并且生长期的作物能够充分吸收表层土壤养分, 导致深翻处理表层的养分含量降低.

3.2 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

微生物在农田生态系统中发挥着重要的作用, 其群落多样性决定着农业用地的可持续性[46].本研究结果表明, 夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕可提高0~40 cm土层细菌群落的丰富度、多样性和均匀性, 且深松高于深翻.尽管大多数研究表明, 免耕和少耕等保护性耕作方式可提高土壤微生物群落的α多样性[2, 6, 47], 但在本研究中, 深松和深翻将有机肥和秸秆添入整个耕层, 为土壤细菌群落提供了良好的生长环境, 且土壤孔隙度的增加可提高好氧性菌群的丰度[48].也有研究表明, 土壤微生物群落的多样性与秸秆还田量呈正相关[49].笔者团队之前的研究结果表明[42, 43], 夏闲期深松和深翻有利于提高冬小麦地上部生物量, 进而影响前茬秸秆的还田量, 为微生物提供更多的养分来源.此外, 深松处理的细菌群落具有更高的α多样性, 这可能是因为深松较深翻对土壤的扰动小, 为细菌群落的生存提供了适宜的土壤环境, 且有机肥为整个耕层细菌提供了新鲜的养分, 从而提高了细菌群落的α多样性.这与温美娟等[50]的研究结果一致.NMDS分析表明, 夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕在20~40 cm土层的细菌群落组成差异较大.这可能是因为深松和深翻在夏闲期提前耕作、施肥和秸秆还田, 对20~40 cm土层的细菌群落输入大量的有机物, 影响了细菌群落的组成, 而免耕对20~40 cm土层无显著影响.

3.3 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落结构的影响

夏皖豫等[51]的研究发现, 宁夏引黄灌区耕地土壤中最丰富的细菌菌门为放线菌门, 这与本研究的结果一致, 而在傅敏等[5]的研究结果中, 最丰富的细菌菌门为变形菌门.造成这种差异的原因可能与气候、水分和温度等环境因子有关[52].本研究结果表明, 夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕显著提高了0~40 cm土层酸杆菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度及20~40 cm土层绿弯菌门、芽单胞菌门、Rokubacteria和GAL15的相对丰度.酸杆菌门是一种嗜酸细菌, 属于贫营养型细菌[53], 硝化螺旋菌门是广泛分布的亚硝酸盐氧化细菌, 并在硝化作用中发挥关键作用, 是好氧性细菌[54]; 深松和深翻较低的土壤有机碳含量及良好的土壤通气性增加了酸杆菌门和硝化螺旋菌门的相对丰度, 且20~40 cm土层作物残渣的添加可刺激绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门的生长[55].这与Xia等[48]在黄土高原旱地的研究结果基本一致.在本研究中, 夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕显著降低了20~40 cm土层变形菌门、厚壁菌门和拟杆菌门的相对丰度, 这类细菌属于富营养型细菌[56, 57], 深松和深翻处理中, 较低的土壤可溶性有机碳、氮降低了这类菌群的相对丰度.本研究结果还表明, 深松较深翻显著提高了酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度.Li等[58]和Wang等[59]研究也得出, 酸杆菌门和芽单胞菌门的相对丰度与土壤含水量显著相关的结果.深松处理的整个耕层具有更高的土壤含水量, 提高了此类菌群的丰度, 且这类菌群具有更高的有机物分解能力.在属分类水平上, Subgroup_6MB-A2-108Solirubrobacter、牙殖球菌属和Gaiella等为优势物种, 这与Chen等[60]在东北黑土地的研究结果基本一致.3种耕作方式下相对丰度差异较大的菌群在0~20 cm土层为硝化螺旋菌属, 在20~40 cm土层为Rubrobacter和链霉菌属.硝化螺旋菌属属于硝化螺旋菌门, 这类细菌可促进土壤硝化, 最终形成硝酸盐, 以提供旱作作物所需氮素的主要来源[61].而Rubrobacter和链霉菌属属于放线菌门, Duan等[62]在我国西北半干旱草原中的研究表明, Rubrobacter与土壤有机碳呈正相关, 更适宜生存在碳源丰富的环境.Zhao等[63]的研究也表明, 链霉菌属在干旱生态系统中有促进碳代谢的作用.LEfSe分析表明, 门分类水平上LDA得分最高的细菌为酸杆菌门, 并以夏闲期深松下20~40 cm土层的相对丰度最高, 这与上述结果一致.而属分类水平上LDA得分最高的细菌为牙殖球菌属, 并以夏闲期深翻下0~20 cm土层的相对丰度最高.Liu等[64]的研究表明, 免耕和少耕降低了牙殖球菌属的相对丰度, 这类细菌具有碳降解的能力, 且富集于强烈耕作的土壤中.这与本研究的结果一致.

此外, 冗余分析的结果表明, 0~20 cm土层土壤有机碳、可溶性有机碳和可溶性有机氮的含量对放线菌门和牙殖球菌属产生正向效应, 这与前人研究的结果一致[65, 66].而Zeng等[67]在黄土高原草原的研究表明, 随着土壤有机质和养分的积累, 放线菌门的相对丰度下降, 这与本研究的结果不一致.这可能是因为放线菌门不但是降解复杂植物残体的重要腐生菌, 也可直接吸收利用土壤的有效养分[68], 其在不同土壤环境中的作用也不相同.此外, 夏闲期深松提高了0~40 cm土层的土壤含水量, 并对酸杆菌门、绿弯菌门和芽单胞菌门产生正向效应, 这与上述结果一致.而绿弯菌门被证实在极端环境下可快速生长, 可促进碳、氮循环, 且这种细菌菌丝的表面会表现出亲水性[69].王瑞昕等[70]的研究也指出, 土壤水分是影响此类细菌的主要因素.总之, 不同耕作方式对土壤扰动后会改变土壤环境, 前人对北方旱地土壤水分如何影响微生物群落的内在机制知之甚少, 需采用宏基因组学进一步研究.

3.4 夏闲期耕作对旱作麦田土壤细菌群落新陈代谢功能的影响

在本研究中, 新陈代谢功能占土壤细菌所有功能的82.21%, 相对丰度较高的新陈代谢功能为碳水化合物代谢和氨基酸代谢.碳水化合物和氨基酸是土壤微生物的主要能量来源, 也是微生物细胞的组成成分或代谢产物, 从而成为细菌群落中最主要的功能基因[71], 这与前人研究的结果一致[72, 73].在本研究中, 夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕提高了0~20 cm土层细菌群落氨基酸代谢、辅酶维生素代谢、萜类和多酮类化合物的代谢、其他氨基酸代谢、聚糖的生物合成和代谢以及核苷酸代谢的相对丰度, 显著提高了20~40 cm土层土壤细菌的氨基酸代谢和辅酶维生素代谢的相对丰度, 且深松较深翻提高了土壤细菌群落氨基酸代谢能力的相对丰度.其中, 氨基酸代谢能够促进土壤微生物的活动, 对细菌生存繁衍起到重要作用, 也可加速矿化, 促进养分循环[74].辅酶维生素代谢功能有利于细菌适应不良环境及其在土壤生态系统中的信息传递过程[75].这证实了夏闲期深松和深翻在20~40 cm土层施入大量有机肥和作物秸秆, 产生了有利于提高养分循环的微生物代谢的条件.本研究还表明, 3种耕作方式下0~20 cm较20~40 cm土层显著提高了外源物质降解及代谢的相对丰度, 但显著降低了萜类和多酮类化合物代谢、能量代谢、聚糖的生物合成和代谢以及核苷酸代谢的相对丰度.这表明20~40 cm土层的营养物质低于0~20 cm土层, 有毒化合物高于表层, 使得微生物之间的竞争加剧, 表现出更强的环境适应性和抗药性[14, 76].此外, PICRUSt2工具被广泛用于探究土壤微生物群落代谢功能与农业实践之间的关系, 但其预测结果也具有一定的局限性.因此, 提高微生物群落如何响应旱作农田生态环境并发挥特定功能的认识, 是未来研究的主要目标.

4 结论

旱作麦田土壤细菌群落中以放线菌门为优势门, 放线菌门中的Subgroup_6属为优势属.夏闲期深松和深翻较免耕提高了土壤细菌群落的α多样性, 且深松高于深翻.深松和深翻可提高竞争能力更强的菌群丰度, 促进养分循环和作物生长, 且深松处理可富集分解有机物能力更强的菌群.深松和深翻后创造了有利于养分循环的土壤细菌群落代谢的适宜条件, 且深松处理的细菌群落具有更高的氨基酸代谢能力, 从而促进了土壤表层可溶性有机碳、氮的积累.因此, 旱作麦田夏闲期深松在解决冬小麦生育期水分不足的基础上, 可显著改善土壤细菌群落结构, 促进细菌群落代谢能力, 为黄土高原旱作农业的可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支撑.

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