| 微塑料与水体碳氮转化的相互作用机制 |
| 摘要点击 266 全文点击 12 投稿时间：2025-04-02 修订日期：2025-07-17 |
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| 中文关键词 微塑料（MPs） 碳转化 微生物群落 海洋 河流 |
| 英文关键词 microplastics（MPs） carbon transformation microbial communities oceans rivers |
| DOI 10.13227/j.hjkx.202504037 |
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| 中文摘要 |
| 微塑料（MPs）作为一种全球性的新污染物，广泛分布于各类水体，并通过改变水体理化性质与微生物群落结构，显著干扰水生生态系统的碳氮转化过程. 通过系统梳理MPs在海洋与河流环境中对碳氮循环的影响机制：在海洋生态系统中，MPs通过改变水体光学特性、吸附污染物、扰乱微生物群落及酶活性，干扰有机质分解、硝化反硝化等关键过程，释放溶解性有机物，加剧海洋酸化并促进温室气体（如CO2、CH4和N2O）排放；在河流生态系统中，MPs主要通过遮蔽效应改变水文条件、吸附营养盐，影响光合作用效率与溶解氧水平，进而干扰碳氮转化，其影响呈现显著的时空异质性. 可生物降解微塑料在短期内快速降解释放小分子有机物，显著促进微生物活性，加速有机碳矿化及CO2、CH4排放，并增强N2O生成；不可生物降解微塑料则主要通过物理损伤生物体、阻碍营养吸收和作为污染物载体长期累积，并通过与微生物聚集成团加速沉降，改变碳氮的垂向通量与底栖生境，间接干扰碳氮循环. 未来研究可关注MPs的迁移转化规律、微生物调控机制、生物富集效应及其与气候变化、酸化等多重环境压力的耦合作用，并制定有效的防控措施与修复策略. |
| 英文摘要 |
| As a new global pollutant， microplastics （MPs） are widely distributed in various types of water bodies and significantly interfere with carbon and nitrogen transformations in aquatic ecosystems by altering the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of water bodies. We systematically investigated the mechanisms by which MPs affect carbon and nitrogen cycling in marine and riverine environments： In marine ecosystems， MPs interfered with key processes such as decomposition of organic matter and nitrification and denitrification by altering the optical properties of the water column， adsorbing pollutants， and disrupting the microbial communities and enzyme activities， releasing dissolved organic matter， exacerbating ocean acidification， and contributing to the release of greenhouse gases （e.g.， CO2， CH4， and N2O） emissions. In riverine ecosystems， MPs altered hydrological conditions and adsorbed nutrients mainly through shading effects， affecting photosynthetic efficiency and dissolved oxygen levels and then interfering with carbon and nitrogen transformations， and their impacts showed significant spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Biodegradable microplastics rapidly degraded and released small-molecule organic matter in the short term， significantly promoted microbial activity， accelerated organic carbon mineralization and CO2 and CH4 emissions， and enhanced N2O generation. Non-biodegradable microplastics， on the other hand， mainly accumulated over time by physically damaging the organisms， hindering nutrient uptake， and acting as a pollutant carrier， and NBMPs indirectly interfered with the carbon and nitrogen cycle by aggregating with microorganisms to accelerate sedimentation and altering the vertical fluxes of carbon and nitrogen and benthic habitats. Future research could focus on the transport and transformation patterns of MPs， microbial regulation mechanisms， bioconcentration effects， and their coupling with multiple environmental pressures such as climate change and acidification and develop effective prevention， control， and remediation strategies. |
