2. 江苏省南方现代林业协同创新中心,南京 210037;
3. 江苏省中国科学院植物研究所,南京 210014;
4. 江苏省植物资源保护与利用重点实验室,南京 210014
2. Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China;
3. Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
4. Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Plant Resources, Nanjing 210014, China
塑料为一类高分子有机聚合物,具有生产成本低、化学性质稳定、耐用性和可塑性强等特点[1],近些年应用广泛. 塑料废弃物进入环境后难以完全降解,一般经光降解、磨损、水解和生物降解等物理、化学和生物学作用而形成粒径小于5 mm的微塑料(microplastics,MPs)[2]或粒径小于100 nm的纳塑料(nanoplastics,NPs)[3],并长期存在于自然界中[4],对生态系统功能和人类健康构成威胁. 微塑料通过大气干湿沉降、地表径流、污水处理厂排放和直接丢弃等途径进入水体环境中,并在风力传播、洋流扩散和生物携带等作用下,可进行长距离运输,使偏远或人迹罕至地区也受到不同程度的污染[5~7]. 环境中的微塑料因其体积小且比表面积大,能进入并在生物体内累积和转移,对生物有机体产生毒害作用,如堵塞小型水生动物消化道阻碍摄食[8]、损伤动物内脏[9]、堵塞植物细胞壁孔隙降低植物生物量[10]、影响植物基因表达和代谢[11,12]等. 微塑料巨大的比表面积使其容易吸附携带重金属、有机物和微生物等其他污染物和病原体,造成复合污染[13,14]. 进入水环境中的微塑料经历生物吸附、吸收、转移和累积等过程,沿着食物链和食物网逐级传递富集,最终通过影响食品安全,对人类身体健康构成威胁[15,16]. 因此,研究不同类型水域微塑料丰度和理化特征,对微塑料污染治理与环境风险管控具有重要意义.
近年来,有关我国不同类型水域地表水及沉积物中微塑料现状、来源和危害等方面的研究已成为环境科学领域的研究热点之一. 研究人员在水体微塑料污染方面进行了大量调查分析,调查范围不断扩大,但目前大多数研究聚焦于局部区域,缺乏对全国范围内微塑料污染分布特征的全面分析. 全球塑料经济、废弃物管理政策和相关法规的变化以及COVID-19大流行[17~19]等事件的发生,使得微塑料的输入特征受到影响,早期数据可能无法准确反映当前环境状况. 因此,本文检索了近5 a有关中国湖泊、河流和海洋地表水及沉积物中微塑料分布特征的已发表研究,综合分析了典型水域微塑料的丰度分布、理化特征及其影响因素,通过全面阐述我国地表水及沉积物微塑料污染特点,旨在为系统评估微塑料对水域环境的影响提供理论支撑,并为制定水环境微塑料污染防控策略提供参考依据.
1 材料与方法 1.1 文献检索与数据收集本研究基于中国知网和Web of Science文献数据库,以“微塑料(microplastic)”、“纳塑料(nanoplastic)”、“水体(water body)”、“湖泊(lake)”、“河流(river)”、“海洋(ocean)”、以及“中国(China)”为关键词,检索发表于2019年9月至2024年9月之间关于中国湖泊、河流和海洋地表水及沉积物微塑料分布的相关文献. 并根据以下原则对检索到的文献进行筛选:①研究区域位于中国,并明确研究区域的具体位置;②研究主体是湖泊、河流、海洋地表水或沉积物;③明确采样时间、采样工具、采样方法和分析方法;④数据可以直接或间接提取,地表水微塑料丰度单位为n·L-1或n·m-3,沉积物丰度(以干质量计)为n·kg-1,排除丰度(以湿质量计)单位为n·m-2或n·kg-1的数据;⑤排除城市内河、内湖和水库等小型水体(此类水体多属于半封闭或封闭系统,交换性差,流量低,且受城市人为活动影响严重,对本研究中分析区域整体水域范围的微塑料污染状况的代表性较差)及岸滩沉积物的研究数据. 根据以上标准,共筛选出文献228篇,收集到地表水数据183组、沉积物数据105组,涵盖9个湖泊、24条河流及四大海域. 提取的数据包括采样区域、采样点数、采样时间、采样工具、筛网孔径、微塑料丰度、颜色、聚合物类型、形状和大小等信息. 对于已有研究中以图片形式呈现而无法直接提取的数据,使用Get Data Graph Digitizer 2.24软件进行提取. 自各研究区所属省市统计年鉴提取相应年份地区生产总值、农业生产总值、渔业生产总值、工业生产总值、人口、废水排放量和降水量等数据用于相关性分析.
1.2 数据处理和标准化为了便于分析统计,统一将地表水微塑料丰度单位换算成n·m-3,沉积物微塑料丰度单位换算成(以干质量计)n·kg-1. 同时将微塑料颜色、聚合物类型、形状和大小统一量化成百分比数据进行统计分析. 将微塑料颜色划分为彩色、白色、透明和黑色这四大类,微塑料大小划分为 < 0.5、0.5~1、1~2、和2~5 mm这4个等级. 使用Microsoft Excel 2019统计数据,Origin 2024软件绘图,ArcGIS 10.8绘制采样点地图.
2 中国不同类型水域地表水及沉积物中微塑料丰度与分布特征 2.1 采样点分布当前我国水域微塑料研究存在明显的地域失衡(图 1). 湖泊和河流微塑料采样点主要集中在中部和东南地区,而西北、东北以及西南地区的采样点则相对较少. 同样,在海洋研究中,微塑料采样点多集中于近海区域,而对于偏远海域尤其是沉积物中微塑料的研究严重不足.
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本图基于审图号为GS(2024)0650号的标准地图制作,底图无修改 图 1 中国近5 a部分地表水及沉积物微塑料污染调查采样点分布 Fig. 1 Distribution of sampling sites for microplastic pollution surveys in some surface water and sediments in China over the past five years |
对白洋淀、太湖、巢湖、鄱阳湖、洞庭湖、滇池、阳宗海、青海湖和乌梁素海的微塑料丰度进行了综合分析. 结果显示(图 2),湖泊微塑料丰度有着明显的地理差异,西北地区和华东地区的湖泊微塑料丰度处于较高水平,而中部地区的湖泊微塑料丰度则处于较低水平. 整体表现出东西部丰度高、中部丰度低的分布特征.
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(a)地表水,(b)沉积物;1.鄱阳湖,2.洞庭湖,3.巢湖,4.滇池,5.白洋淀,6.青海湖,7.太湖,8.乌梁素海,9.阳宗海 图 2 中国湖泊地表水及沉积物微塑料丰度特征 Fig. 2 Abundance characteristics of microplastics in surface water and sediments of lakes in China |
湖泊地表水微塑料丰度最低的是西南地区的滇池[20],其丰度为130.74 n·m-3. 滇池东岸和南岸有多个湿地公园,有效减少了人类活动对滇池的影响,并且近年来滇池环境治理措施逐渐加强,排入滇池的污染源得到有效控制,使滇池微塑料丰度维持在较低水平. 而丰度最高的是乌梁素海[21],微塑料污染处于中、重度水平,微塑料丰度为51 340 n·m-3(排除了丰度极高的异常值[22]). 乌梁素海位于西北半干旱地区,地处河套灌区末端,承接了流域内大量农业退水、工业废水和生活污水,这可能是该湖泊地表水微塑料丰度处于较高水平的原因. 此外,西北地区青海湖[23]和华东地区的太湖[24]地表水微塑料丰度也处于较高水平,而中东部地区的洞庭湖[25]和鄱阳湖[26]处于较低水平.
湖泊沉积物微塑料平均丰度(以干质量计)范围为284~6 374.55 n·kg-1,其中巢湖[27]的丰度最低,而青海湖[23]的丰度最高. 巢湖周边城市经济发展水平和人口密度相对较低,微塑料输入量相对有限. 尽管青海湖周边经济发展水平和居住人口同样较低,但近年青海湖旅游业的发展给湖泊带来了巨大的微塑料输入. 此外,当地强烈的紫外线加速了大粒径微塑料的分解破碎,产生更多小粒径微塑料,造成青海湖沉积物微塑料丰度高于其他湖泊.
2.3 河流微塑料丰度与分布特征对黄河水系、长江水系、珠江水系、淮河水系、海河水系、松花江水系、京杭大运河以及东南诸河河流地表水和沉积物中微塑料丰度进行了分析. 结果表明(图 3),黄河水系和松花江水系河流地表水微塑料平均丰度高于其他水系,淮河和海河水系河流沉积物微塑料平均丰度相对较高. 河水流动性强,能将上游的部分微塑料带到下游,并在河口积累,使河流微塑料丰度表现出自上游至下游或河口区呈递增的趋势.
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(a)地表水,(b)沉积物;1.东南诸河,2.京杭大运河,3.海河水系,4.长江水系,5.珠江水系,6.淮河水系,7.松花江水系,8.黄河水系 图 3 中国河流地表水及沉积物微塑料丰度特征 Fig. 3 Abundance characteristics of microplastics in surface water and sediments of rivers in China |
具体而言,河流地表水微塑料丰度范围为0.106~930 200 n·m-3,其中珠江三角洲主要河口丰度最低[28],黄河下游河口最高[29,30]. 一般河流下游或是河口区微塑料丰度高于上游,如黄河下游河道逐渐趋于平缓,河水流速变慢,微塑料容易积累在河口. 同时,河口区湍流强度降低,河水中下层和沉积物中的部分微塑料向上迁移至表层水中,致使河口微塑料丰度高于其他河流环境[29,30]. 而珠江三角洲河口地表水微塑料丰度较低,可能与其部分汇水区域流经农林地,生活污水和工业废水输入较少有关[31].
河流沉积物微塑料丰度最低的是长江支流——汉江[32],丰度(以干质量计)为5.3 n·kg-1. 该河流主要流经农村地区,微塑料来源较为简单,且河岸带植被丰富,对微塑料具有一定的截留和过滤作用. 沉积物微塑料丰度(以干质量计)最高的是黄河干流[33],高达18 780.2 n·kg-1. 黄河流域工业和农业活动密集以及研究人员使用高分辨率激光红外成像系统对微塑料进行扫描计数,可能是出现高丰度的原因.
2.4 海洋微塑料丰度与分布特征海洋微塑料丰度受沿海城市人口密度、工业发展水平、水产养殖规模、海湾类型、入海河流和水文条件等多因素综合影响(图 4). 通常工业密集、水产养殖规模大的城市,邻近海域受人类活动影响较大,微塑料丰度明显高于其他海域,如广东近海[34]、江苏近海[35]、黄海四十里湾[36,37]和海南新村湾[38]等. 其次,较为封闭的海湾,湾内与湾外海水交换性差,输入的微塑料易在湾内积累并长期滞留,导致此类海域微塑料丰度较高,如福建三沙湾[39]和南海大亚湾[40]等. 此外,河流中一部分微塑料随着河水移动至河口,使得河流入海口附近海域的微塑料丰度略高,如黄河河口[41]和长江河口邻近海域[42].
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(a)地表水,(b)沉积物;1.渤海,2.东海,3.黄海,4.南海 图 4 中国海洋地表水及沉积物微塑料丰度特征 Fig. 4 Abundance characteristics of microplastics in ocean surface water and sediments in China |
整体而言,南海和黄海微塑料丰度处于较高水平[43~46]. 其中,地表水微塑料丰度最低的海域是连接东海和南海的台湾海峡[47],微塑料平均丰度为0.026 n·m-3. 该海域受季节性洋流和季风影响,表层海水流动性强,有利于微塑料的迁移和扩散,因此丰度相对较低[48]. 丰度最高的海域是新村湾[38],旱季平均丰度高达726 000 n·m-3. 该湾是一个近封闭型海湾,水交换能力差,同时受水产养殖、旅游活动和沿岸居民生活排污的影响,导致微塑料大量积累,污染较为严重.
海洋沉积物微塑料平均丰度范围(以干质量计)为6.13~54 813.2 n·kg-1,差异较大. 其中温州近海乐清湾[49]微塑料丰度最低,与同类型半封闭海湾相比处于较低水平[35,50,51]. 青岛近岸黄海海域[33]沉积物微塑料丰度最高. 青岛作为典型的港口城市,经济发展水平和常住人口较高,发达的工业和渔业以及居民生活所带来的微塑料排放导致其近海沉积物中微塑料丰度远高于其他海域.
3 中国不同类型水域地表水及沉积物中微塑料理化特征对中国部分湖泊、河流和海洋地表水及沉积物中微塑料的大小、颜色、形状和聚合物类型进行了分析. 微塑料的物理特征和化学成分是指示其来源的重要依据.
3.1 粒径图 5显示了中国不同类型水域微塑料的大小分布,无论是地表水还是沉积物中,微塑料皆以小粒径为主. 在地表水微塑料组成中,粒径小于0.5 mm的微塑料占比最高,在湖泊、河流和海洋微塑料组成中分别占42.45%、42.50%和37.88%. 而粒径为0.5~1、1~2和2~5 mm的微塑料所占比例较低,并且随粒径增大百分比逐渐下降. 沉积物微塑料粒径分布特征与地表水相似,小于0.5 mm的微塑料占比最高,在3类沉积物中分别占62.96%、59.72%和55.71%. 部分水域如太湖[52]、珠江[53~55]、黄河兰州段和黄河下游[56,57]、长江重庆段[58]地表水和沉积物中小于0.5 mm的微塑料所占比例超过80%. 结果显示沉积物中小粒径微塑料的比例高于地表水,其原因可能与微塑料在环境中的迁移累积特性有关,相比于大粒径微塑料小粒径微塑料在水中的浮力较小,更容易沉降到沉积物中,并且沉积物中较大的微塑料易随着水体扰动上浮到地表水中[58,59],导致沉积物中大粒径微塑料的比例较低.
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图 5 中国不同类型地表水及沉积物中微塑料理化特征 Fig. 5 Physical and chemical characteristics of microplastics in different types of surface water and sediments in China |
分析结果表明,地表水和沉积物微塑料颜色以透明无色为主,白色和黑色也比较常见. 湖泊、河流和海洋地表水中透明微塑料所占比例分别为27.94%、31.92%和24.78%,沉积物中分别为33.78%、34.88%和21.53%. 除透明无色外,白色和黑色微塑料也较为常见. 相比之下,红色、蓝色、绿色、黄色和紫色等其他彩色微塑料占比较低,3类地表水以及沉积物中所有彩色微塑料占比分别为36.09%、34.46%和40.34%以及40.81%、33.97%和38.61%. 微塑料的颜色组成与水域周边居民生活和工农业生产所使用的塑料类型有关. 如农业区周围的水体[20],接纳来自农田地膜和塑料包装袋等塑料废弃物老化破裂形成的微塑料,地表水和沉积物中透明微塑料比例较高[60~62].
3.3 形状纤维状微塑料主要来源于衣物洗涤和水产养殖以及合成纺织品生产等活动所排放的废水[63~66],是两种环境介质中最常见的微塑料形状,在湖泊、河流和海洋3类地表水微塑料形状组成中分别占56.54%、51.53%和49.21%,3类沉积物中纤维分别为45.48%、44.30%和58.36%. 碎片也是比较常见的微塑料形状,在3类地表水以及沉积物中的比例分别为18.00%、25.60%和23.52%以及27.14%、24.25%和20.75%,它通常来源于较大塑料制品如塑料包装袋、包装盒、塑料瓶和家电外壳的风化破碎. 薄膜状微塑料来源于塑料包装膜、包装袋、农业地膜和温室大棚薄膜的分解,颗粒状微塑料主要来自化妆品、清洁产品、建筑行业的喷砂和喷漆等,这两种形状的微塑料在3类地表水和沉积物中的比例皆为3%~12%. 薄膜状微塑料在地表水中的占比高于沉积物,颗粒状则与之相反,这可能与它们的密度有关. 此外,微塑料还有泡沫状、球状、线状和条状等形状,它们在水和沉积物中的数量低于上述几种形状. 水体微塑料的形状特征与其周围环境及研究时期有关,如青海湖地处偏远地区,采样时受疫情封控影响,人类活动大幅减少,纤维状微塑料占比显著下降,在地表水和沉积物中仅占1%[67].
3.4 聚合物类型聚乙烯、聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯和聚丙烯是我国地表水和沉积物中比较常见的3种聚合物. 湖泊、河流和海洋地表水中占比最高的聚合物类型分别为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(24.46%)、聚丙烯(22.93%)和聚乙烯(19.15%),3类沉积物中占比最高的聚合物类型分别为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(26.36%)、聚乙烯(25.40%)和聚乙烯(14.89%). 环境中聚合物的类型与该环境所处的地理位置及周围环境有关. 这3种聚合物在生产生活中用途广泛,受人类活动影响较大的区域,这3种聚合物的比例相对较高[27,68]. 分析发现,部分海域沉积物中人造丝的比例较高,这可能与生活污水的大量排入有关[69~72]. 此外,聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、聚酯纤维、聚氨酯和聚酰胺等也是较常见的聚合物类型. 一般工业密集、经济发达、旅游旺地及人口密度高的地区,周围水体中聚合物类型较为丰富,如苏南运河、海河、青岛近岸海域[73~75]等.
4 中国不同类型水域地表水及沉积物中微塑料丰度的影响因素分析 4.1 社会经济与环境因素地表水和沉积物微塑料来源广泛,其丰度受多种因素影响. 根据各省、市统计局发布的数据,分析了各水域地表水和沉积物微塑料丰度与其所在地区社会经济和环境因子之间的相关性(图 6). 相关性分析结果表明,地表水和沉积物微塑料丰度与其所在地区生产总值(P < 0.001)、农业总产值(P < 0.001)、渔业总产值(P < 0.01)、工业总产值(P < 0.001)、人口(P < 0.001)以及污水排放量(P < 0.001)之间呈显著的正相关关系. 这一结果说明,经济规模越大、工农业和渔业生产越密集、人口数量越多、污水排放量越大的区域,相应水域微塑料输入量和积累量越高[76~80]. 本研究发现,在全国尺度上,微塑料丰度与人口密度、城镇化率和降水量之间相关性较弱,未达到显著水平. 如青海湖所在区域人口密度和城镇化率低而微塑料丰度高[23],相反珠江口区域人口密度和城镇化率高,微塑料丰度反而较低[28,31,81]. 这可能意味着,相对于宏观气候条件或人口聚集程度,直接来源于生产与消费活动的废弃物排放以及工业农业渔业生产过程中产生的塑料残留,是微塑料污染更为主要的贡献因素. 但是这一结果与其他研究结果有所不同[80],这可能与样本筛选条件、时间范围以及统计方法有关. 因此,未来在微塑料管控中需重点针对高强度经济生产和排污行为开展源头治理.
|
(a)地表水微塑料相关性分析,(b)沉积物微塑料相关性分析;1.丰度,2.生产总值,3.农业总产值,4.渔业总产值,5.工业总产值,6.人口,7.人口密度,8.城镇化率,9.污水排放量,10.降水量;*表示P < 0.05,**表示P < 0.01,***表示P < 0.001 图 6 微塑料丰度与社会经济及环境因子相关性分析 Fig. 6 Correlations of microplastic abundance with socio-economic and environmental factors |
有研究发现,微塑料丰度受采样方法、筛网孔径、检测方法及采样时间等因素影响较大,未统一的采样与分析流程可导致结果出现较大波动. 由于拖网法仅能捕获大于网孔尺寸的微塑料,其在同一水域所测得的微塑料丰度通常低于容器采集或水泵采集法[82]. 同样,拖网及样品预处理过程中使用的筛网孔径也对微塑料丰度测定结果影响显著,使用小孔径网具所获得的结果可比大孔径网具高百倍甚至千倍[83,84]. 有研究表明,不同采样方法导致地表水微塑料丰度存在显著差异. 如容器采集结合0.45 µm滤膜直接过滤法所测得的微塑料丰度,比经20 µm筛网预浓缩法高2个数量级,更比150 µm拖网采集法高出4个数量级[84]. 此外,微塑料的识别与计数方法也直接影响丰度结果,傅里叶变换红外光谱[85]或拉曼光谱[86]检出限低、准确性高,所得数据优于显微镜观察等传统手段,可靠性更强. 采样时间同样对结果具有重要影响,如雨季较强的地表径流会将大量塑料碎片带入水体,通常导致该时期微塑料丰度高于旱季[87].
5 展望(1)当前我国水域微塑料研究区分布失衡,主要集中在中部和东南沿海地区. 未来应优化采样布局,西北、东北及西南等偏远地区和偏远海域研究盲区,构建全国性微塑料监测网络,提升区域数据完整性.
(2)目前还未建立地表水和沉积物中微塑料采样、前处理与检测全流程的统一标准,且受技术限制纳塑料检测缺失,未来应建立统一标准并优化检测技术,增强数据的可靠性与可比性,降低因方法差异导致的偏差.
(3)当前研究多聚焦于微塑料丰度与理化特征,未来可加强驱动因素与迁移转化机制研究,为建立量化模型和分区治理策略提供理论支撑.
6 结论(1)微塑料研究区域分布失衡. 我国淡水环境微塑料研究区主要集中在中部和东南沿海地区,东北和西北以及西南地区研究不足;海洋微塑料研究区主要集中在近海海域,远洋海域研究不足,限制了对全国水域微塑料污染状况的整体评估.
(2)微塑料丰度表现出明显的地理差异,与人类活动强度密切相关. 我国部分湖泊、河流和海域地表水微塑料平均丰度范围依次为130.74~51 340、0.106~930 200和0.026~726 000 n·m-3,沉积物微塑料丰度(以干质量计)范围依次为284~6 374.55、5.3~18 780.2和6.13~54 813.2 n·kg-1. 整体而言,东部和西部地区湖泊微塑料丰度高于中部;黄河水系和松花江水系河流地表水微塑料较高,而淮河水系和海河水系河流沉积物平均丰度相对较高;南海和黄海微塑料丰度高于渤海和东海. 相关性分析进一步表明,微塑料丰度与地区生产总值、工农业和渔业总产值、人口以及污水排放量呈显著正相关.
(3)3类水域地表水及沉积物微塑料理化特征高度相似. 微塑料粒径分布皆以小粒径(< 1 mm)为主,粒径 < 0.5 mm的微塑料占比最高;微塑料最常见的颜色是透明无色;纤维状和碎片状是微塑料的主要形状,聚乙烯、聚丙烯和聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯是比较常见的聚合物类型.
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2026, Vol. 47


