环境科学  2021, Vol. 42 Issue (10): 4968-4976   PDF    
松嫩平原芦苇湿地退化与修复过程中土壤细菌和甲烷代谢微生物的群落结构
王秋颖1,2, 王娜1,2, 刘颖1,3, 陈功4, 何辉4, 高婕1,2, 庄绪亮1,2, 庄国强1,2     
1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心环境生物技术重点实验室, 北京 100085;
2. 中国科学院大学资源与环境学院, 北京 101408;
3. 中国科学技术大学生命科学学院, 合肥 230026;
4. 中国地质大学水资源与环境学院, 北京 100083
摘要: 湿地是全球CH4重要的源与汇.受人为活动和气候条件影响,我国湿地退化严重,相关部门近年来已逐步开展湿地生态修复的工作.为研究湿地退化与修复过程中细菌和甲烷代谢微生物群落结构的响应,以松嫩平原芦苇湿地为研究对象,采集原始未退化芦苇湿地土壤、退化的和正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤,采用基于细菌16S rRNA基因、产甲烷菌mcrA基因和甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因的高通量测序技术研究细菌和甲烷代谢微生物的多样性和群落组成.结果表明,芦苇湿地退化导致土壤细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性降低,甲烷氧化菌的α多样性升高,而细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性与土壤含水率呈显著正相关关系,含水率越高的湿地土壤产甲烷菌的多样性也越高.原始未退化芦苇湿地土壤中细菌Rhizobiales和产甲烷菌Methanobacteriaceae的相对丰度较高;湿地退化导致根际促生菌Rhizobiales的相对丰度下降,致病菌Burkholderiaceae、耐污染细菌Sphingomonas、抗辐射细菌Rubrobacter以及Type Ⅰ型耐受极端环境的甲烷好氧氧化菌MethylobacterMethylomonasMethylococcus的相对丰度上升;正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤中细菌Bacillus和产甲烷菌Methanosarcinaceae、Methanomicrobiaceae以及Type Ⅱ型甲烷好氧氧化菌Methylocystis的相对丰度较高.因此,不同的芦苇湿地状态可以间接改变土壤性状进而改变湿地甲烷代谢菌群落结构.
关键词: 湿地      退化      修复      甲烷代谢微生物      细菌群落结构     
Microbial Community Structure of Soil Methanogens and Methanotrophs During Degradation and Restoration of Reed Wetlands in the Songnen Plain
WANG Qiu-ying1,2 , WANG Na1,2 , LIU Ying1,3 , CHEN Gong4 , HE Hui4 , GAO Jie1,2 , ZHUANG Xu-liang1,2 , ZHUANG Guo-qiang1,2     
1. Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
2. College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China;
3. School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China;
4. School of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
Abstract: Wetlands are an important global source and sink of methane. However, human activities and climatic conditions are causing serious degradation of wetlands in China. In response to this, the relevant departments have progressively carried out wetland restoration projects over the past few years. To investigate the response of microbial communities of bacteria, methanogens, and methanotrophs during degradation and restoration of wetlands, soil samples were collected from undegraded reed wetlands, degraded reed wetlands, and restored reed wetlands in the Songnen Plain. Microbial diversity and community composition were studied by high-throughput sequencing based on the 16S rRNA gene of bacteria, the mcrA gene of methanogens, and the pmoA gene of methanotrophs. The results indicate that the degradation of reed wetlands results in a decrease in bacterial and methanogenic α-diversity and an increase in methanotrophic α-diversity. Bacterial α-diversity and methanogenic α-diversity were both significantly positively correlated with soil water content. At different taxonomic levels, higher relative abundances of Rhizobiales and Methanobacteriaceae were detected in the undegraded wetland soils. Wetland degradation decreased the relative abundance of Rhizobiales but increased that of the pathogenic bacteria Burkholderiaceae and microorganisms resistant to harsh and extreme environments including Sphingomonas, Rubrobacter, Methylobacter, Methylomonas, and Methylococcus. In the restored wetland soils, the relative abundances of Bacillus, Methanosarcinaceae, Methanomicrobiaceae, and the type Ⅱ methanotroph Methylocystis were higher. Therefore, different wetland conditions can indirectly change soil properties and, consequently, change the community structure of methanogens and methanotrophs.
Key words: wetland      degradation      restoration      methanogens and methanotrophs      bacterial community structure     

甲烷(CH4)是大气中第二大重要的温室气体, 其全球变暖潜力是二氧化碳(CO2)的34倍, 自前工业时代以来, 全球变暖大约有20%是由CH4排放造成的[1].湿地是全球CH4最大的自然来源[2], 大气中CH4的浓度取决于土壤中CH4生成和氧化之间的平衡, 产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌是驱动CH4生成和氧化过程的关键微生物, 在湿地甲烷循环过程中发挥重要作用[3~5].产甲烷菌是严格厌氧的古细菌, 目前发现的产甲烷菌全部属于广古菌门; 甲烷氧化菌包括甲烷好氧氧化菌和甲烷厌氧氧化菌, 甲烷好氧氧化菌主要由变形菌门和疣微菌门组成, 甲烷厌氧氧化菌则主要由甲烷厌氧氧化古菌(anaerobic methanotrophic archaea, ANME)、NC10门细菌和未培养细菌(marine benthic group D, MBGD)组成[6].有研究表明, 微生物群落对外界环境因子的变化非常敏感, 湿地产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌群落结构易受温度、pH、有机质、水位和植被等多种环境因子的影响[5, 6].

松嫩平原地处半干旱半湿润气候区[7], 是中国内陆盐碱湿地的集中分布区之一, 其盐碱湿地面积约为160×104 hm2[8].芦苇湿地是松嫩平原湿地的主要类型, 然而, 长期气候干旱及人类活动导致芦苇湿地出现了不同程度的退化[9~12].湿地植被退化会影响土壤微生物多样性并使湿地生态系统功能发生改变[13], 同时, 湿地的退化将直接导致控制湿地甲烷产生和排放的环境因素和生物因素的改变[14], 将对湿地CH4排放产生重要影响.近几年相关部门在松嫩平原扎龙、向海、科尔沁和莫莫格等重要湿地实施了局部生态修复和重建项目[10, 15], 目前对于松嫩平原退化湿地及修复湿地的相关研究, 主要集中于植被多样性保护、湿地功能提升等方面, 而针对土壤微生物群落结构、多样性差异及甲烷代谢微生物组成变化等方面的研究则鲜见报道.

本研究基于细菌16S rRNA基因、产甲烷菌mcrA基因和甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因的高通量测序, 解析松嫩平原原始未退化芦苇湿地土壤、退化的和正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤中细菌和甲烷代谢微生物的群落结构特征, 并探究细菌和甲烷代谢微生物多样性与环境因子之间的关系, 旨在为了解我国东北地区典型湿地退化与修复过程中的土壤质量演变和微生物动态变化提供参考.

1 材料与方法 1.1 土壤采集与处理

本研究所采集土壤位于松嫩平原(43°13′~48°40′N, 121°30′~127°00′E), 采样地地上植被均为芦苇, 根据湿地不同状态, 选择3种湿地土壤作为研究对象: ①BL(47°11′55.58″N, 124°14′8.20″E), 原始未退化湿地土壤, 位于扎龙自然保护区, 芦苇为优势种, 以原生型沼泽土和泥炭土为主; ②HL(47°22′33.68″N, 123°21′2.47″E), 退化的芦苇湿地土壤, 位于哈拉海湿地保护区外缘, 因农田灌溉排水导致湿地土壤干旱, 中生植物蒿子入侵芦苇湿地; ③ML(45°54′0.80″N, 123°36′38.06″E), 正在实施修复的芦苇湿地土壤, 位于莫莫格自然保护区, 曾因农耕导致土壤退化和旱生植物入侵.采样时间为2018年8月, 每种湿地土壤选取3个采样点作为生物学重复, 每个采样点为5 m×5 m的样方.按照“L”字形采样路线多点采集各样点表层(0~15 cm)土壤并混合均匀作为一份样本, 共计9份样本.将新鲜土壤样本在4℃保存下运送至实验室, 称取大约5 g土样置于-80℃冰箱中待提取DNA及后续实验, 剩余的土壤储存于-20℃冰箱中用于土壤理化性质测定.

1.2 土壤基本理化性质测定

土壤pH根据电位法利用pH计测定, 总碳(total carbon, TC)和总氮(total nitrogen, TN)利用元素分析仪进行测定, 土壤含水率(soil water content, SWC)通过烘干法进行测定.

1.3 土壤DNA提取与高通量测序

土壤总DNA的提取使用FastDNA SPIN试剂盒(MP Biomedicals, Santa Ana, California, USA), 按照说明书进行操作.DNA的提取质量通过1%的琼脂糖凝胶电泳进行检测, DNA的浓度及纯度使用NanoDrop 2000(Thermo scientific, Wilmington, DE, USA)进行测定.

使用通用引物338F(5′-ACTCCTACGGGAGGC AGCA-3′)和806R(5′-GGACTACHVGGGTWTCTA AT-3′)扩增原核生物16S rRNA基因的V3-V4高可变区[16]; 使用引物MLfF(5′-GGTGGTGTMGGAT TCACACARTAYGCWACAGC-3′)和MLrR(5′-TTCATTGCRTAGTTWGGRTAGTT-3′)扩增产甲烷菌mcrA基因[17]; 使用引物A189F(5′-GGNGACTGGGACTTCTGG-3′)和mb661R(5′-CCGGMGCAACGTCYTTACC-3′)扩增甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因[18]. PCR反应体系为: 5×TransStart FastPfu缓冲液4 μL, 2.5mmol·L-1 dNTPs 2 μL, 上游引物(5 μmol·L-1)0.8 μL, 下游引物(5μmol·L-1)0.8 μL, TransStart FastPfu DNA聚合酶0.4 μL, 模板DNA 10 ng, ddH2O补足至20 μL.每个样本3个重复.PCR扩增程序依次为: 95℃预变性3 min, 95℃变性30 s, 52℃退火30 s(mcrA基因和pmoA基因退火温度为60℃), 72℃延伸30 s, 循环30次, 之后72℃稳定延伸10 min.将同一样本的PCR产物混合后使用2%琼脂糖凝胶回收PCR产物, 利用AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit(Axygen Biosciences, Union City, CA, USA)进行回收产物纯化, 2%琼脂糖凝胶电泳检测, 并用QuantusTM Fluorometer(Promega, USA)对回收产物进行检测定量.使用NEXTFLEX® Rapid DNA-Seq Kit进行建库, 利用Illumina公司的MiSeq PE300平台进行测序(上海美吉生物医药科技有限公司).

1.4 测序结果处理

使用Fastp软件(https://github.com/OpenGene/fastp, version 0.20.0)[19]对原始测序序列进行质控, 使用FLASH软件(http://www.cbcb.umd.edu/software/flash, version 1.2.7)[20]进行拼接, 使用UPARSE软件(http://drive5.com/uparse/, version 7.1)[21]根据97%的相似度对序列进行OTU聚类并剔除嵌合体[21, 22].利用RDP classifier(http://rdp.cme.msu.edu/, version 2.2)[23]对每条序列进行物种分类注释, 16S rRNA基因序列比对SILVA数据库(https://www.arb-silva.de/, version 132)[23], mcrApmoA基因序列比对FunGene数据库(http://www.fungene-db.fr/, version 9.6)[24], 设置比对阈值为70%.

1.5 统计分析

本研究使用Galaxy数据分析平台(http://mem.rcees.ac.cn:8080/)[25]和Origin软件(version 2018)对测序数据进行分析处理, 分析项目包括α多样性分析、环境因子与α多样性的关联分析和群落结构组间差异分析.

采用Shannon指数和Simpson指数表征微生物α多样性[26], Shannon指数与微生物α多样性呈正相关, Simpson指数与微生物α多样性呈负相关[27].采用单因素方差分析(ANOVA)检验样品各项理化因子以及α多样性指数的组间差异是否显著.对土壤理化因子和α多样性指数进行Pearson相关性分析, 以确定土壤理化性质与土壤细菌、产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌α多样性之间的相关性[28].基于OTU水平对微生物群落进行PCoA分析, 利用ANOSIM检验方法判断群落组间差异是否显著[29].在不同分类学水平上统计各样本的物种丰度, 采用ANOVA方法检验优势菌群组间差异是否显著, 并采用LEfSe(linear discriminant analysis effect size)分析方法寻找细菌群落组间具有显著性差异的物种[30].

2 结果与讨论 2.1 土壤理化性质

3组湿地土壤样品的基本理化性质如表 1所示.各样本土壤pH均为碱性, 其中, 修复中的芦苇湿地土壤pH最高, 其次是原始湿地土壤, 退化湿地的土壤pH最低.原始湿地土壤总碳、总氮指标显著高于退化湿地, 这可能与退化湿地地表植物生物量降低导致土壤有机质含量降低有关.原始湿地芦苇生长于淹水沼泽, 故含水率最高, 平均含水率为67.41%; 退化的湿地由于植被退化导致湿地蓄水能力弱, 因此含水率下降, 平均含水率为44.54%; 同样, 修复湿地的芦苇土壤样品由于长期植被覆盖退化造成表土含水率显著低于原始芦苇湿地土壤样品, 平均值为24.3%.

表 1 土壤样品基本理化性质1) Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of the soil samples

2.2 土壤细菌和甲烷代谢微生物α多样性

各土壤样品细菌、产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的Shannon指数和Simpson指数如表 2所示.原始湿地土壤的细菌和产甲烷菌群落Shannon指数高于退化湿地和修复湿地土壤样品; 对于甲烷氧化菌群落, 退化土壤的Shannon指数最高, 原始土壤次之, 修复土壤最低.而细菌群落的Simpson指数变化趋势与Shannon指数相反.结果表明湿地退化导致土壤细菌和产甲烷菌的多样性降低, 甲烷氧化菌的多样性增加.Pearson相关性分析表明, 细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性与土壤含水率呈显著正相关关系(表 3), 这可能是由于土壤含水率越高, 厌氧程度越大, 而产甲烷菌属于严格厌氧菌, 因此含水率越高的土壤产甲烷菌的多样性也越高[2, 31].

表 2 土壤样品微生物α多样性1) Table 2 Values of α-diversity in microbial communities of the soil samples

表 3 土壤理化性质与微生物α多样性的Pearson相关性1) Table 3 Pearson correlation coefficients for environmental factors and microbial α-diversity

2.3 土壤细菌和甲烷代谢微生物的群落组成

PCoA分析结果(图 1)显示3组样本的微生物群落结构存在显著差异(P < 0.05).细菌群落的PCoA分析结果如图 1(a)所示, PC1和PC2分别解释了66.29%和24.02%的群落结构差异.产甲烷菌群落的PCoA分析结果如图 1(b)所示, PC1和PC2分别解释了51.62%和32.98%的群落结构差异.甲烷好氧氧化菌群落的PCoA分析结果如图 1(c)所示, PC1和PC2分别解释了55.28%和30.33%的群落结构差异.

图 1 基于OTU水平的微生物群落的PCoA分析 Fig. 1 Principal coordinates analysis(PCoA)for microbial communities based at the OTU level

3组土壤样本门水平细菌群落组成如图 2所示.各样本相对丰度超过1%的菌门为Proteobacteria(变形菌门)、Actinobacteria(放线菌门)、Chloroflexi(绿弯菌门)、Acidobacteria(酸杆菌门)、Firmicutes(厚壁菌门)、Bacteroidetes(拟杆菌门)、Gemmatimonadetes(芽单胞菌门)、Rokubacteria和Nitrospirae(硝化螺菌门), 其中相对丰度最高的是Proteobacteria, 其次是Actinobacteria, 这两种菌门总相对丰度超过50%, 与已有的我国东北湿地细菌群落结构研究结果相符[32, 33].但退化湿地土壤中Proteobacteria和Actinobacteria的相对丰度低于原始土壤和修复土壤, Acidobacteria的相对丰度高于原始土壤和修复土壤.Proteobacteria在营养元素含量高的土壤中相对丰度更高[34, 35], 因此由于湿地退化导致土壤总碳、总氮水平降低, Proteobacteria的相对丰度也降低.而在修复中的芦苇湿地样品中, 地上植物凋落物的水解及转化会使土壤总碳、总氮水平升高, Proteobacteria的相对丰度也相应升高.而Acidobacteria相对丰度的变化可能与土壤pH有关, 有研究表明土壤中Acidobacteria的相对丰度与pH呈显著负相关[36], 因此在pH相对较低的退化土壤中其相对丰度较高.

图 2 细菌门水平群落组成 Fig. 2 Community composition of bacteria at the phylum level

在纲水平至属水平上, 3组样本细菌群落组成差异显著(图 3).原始芦苇湿地土壤的差异优势物种包括4目2科, 退化土壤的差异优势物种包括2纲5目8科4属, 修复土壤的差异优势物种包括3纲8目8科9属.在这些差异优势物种中, Rhizobiales(根瘤菌目)和Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)属于根际促生菌, 是一类能直接或间接促进植物生长及吸收营养物质的根际有益微生物[37]; 而Burkholderiaceae(伯克氏菌科)中包含众多动植物病原菌如Burkholderia(伯克氏菌属)和Ralstonia(青枯菌属)[38].原始芦苇湿地土壤中含有相对丰度较高的Rhizobiales, 退化湿地土壤中含有相对丰度较高的Burkholderiaceae, 修复湿地土壤中则含有相对丰度较高的Bacillus, 表明湿地退化导致部分根际促生菌相对丰度下降, 致病菌相对丰度上升.此外, 退化湿地土壤中含有相对丰度较高的Sphingomonas(鞘氨醇单胞菌属)和Rubrobacter(红色杆菌属), Sphingomonas可以利用多环芳烃等有机污染物作为碳源和能源[39], Rubrobacter(红色杆菌属)具有耐受高强度辐射的特性, 可以生长在极端高辐射环境中[40].由于人类活动造成的松嫩平原湿地退化以及土壤污染、植被覆盖度下降和土壤贫瘠化[10], 而使这些抗逆性强的微生物的相对丰度增加.

(a)差异物种进化分支, (b)差异物种LDA值 图 3 基于LEfSe分析的细菌群落差异物种进化分支和LDA值 Fig. 3 Cladogram and LDA scores of different bacterial communities based on LEfSe analysis

各样地产甲烷菌科水平群落组成如图 4所示.3组样本共同的产甲烷菌优势菌科为Methanosarcinaceae(甲烷八叠球菌科)和Methanobacteriaceae(甲烷杆菌科), 在其他关于湿地产甲烷菌群落的研究中, 这两种产甲烷菌科也占据优势地位[41].但3组样本产甲烷菌优势菌科的相对丰度存在差异(图 5).原始湿地土壤中Methanobacteriaceae相对丰度最高, 约为63%, 其次是Methanosarcinaceae, 约为30%.退化的和正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤中Methanosarcinaceae相对丰度最高, 分别为48%和46%, 而Methanobacteriaceae相对丰度差异较大, 分别为24%和12%.此外, 修复土壤中还出现了相对丰度较高的Methanomicrobiaceae(甲烷微菌科), 该菌科在修复土壤中相对丰度为16%, 而在原始土壤和退化土壤中的相对丰度很低, 均为1%左右.在这些优势菌科中, Methanomicrobiaceae属于氢型产甲烷菌, Methanobacteriaceae同时具有氢型和甲基型产甲烷的活性, Methanosarcinaceae则可以利用氢型、乙酸型和甲基型这3种主要途径产甲烷[42].目前的研究发现只有Methanosarcinaceae和Methanosaetaceae(鬃毛甲烷菌科)能够利用乙酸途径产甲烷[6], 表明湿地退化导致乙酸型产甲烷菌的相对丰度上升.根据上述3类产甲烷菌在3个样地中的相对丰度情况, 氢型营养代谢路径为湿地产甲烷菌基本的甲烷产生代谢路径[43].Methanosarcinaceae由于具有较高合成效率和低能耗的乙酸型代谢路径能够在自然环境中占据优势生态位[44], 是松嫩平原芦苇湿地产甲烷菌群落的重要组成部分; Methanobacteriaceae相对丰度的变化则可能归因于其以水作为代谢底物氧化甲基化合物的甲基型甲烷产生代谢路径[45], 原始的、退化的和正在修复的芦苇湿地土壤的含水率依次降低, Methanobacteriaceae的相对丰度也由此依次下降; Methanomicrobiaceae可能因与Methanobacteriaceae存在竞争关系而只在修复的湿地土壤中相对丰度有所上升.

图 4 产甲烷菌科水平群落组成 Fig. 4 Community composition of methanogens at the family level

图 5 产甲烷菌优势菌科相对丰度 Fig. 5 Relative abundances of dominant methanogens at the family level

各样地甲烷好氧氧化菌属水平群落组成如图 6所示, 优势菌属相对丰度差异如图 7所示.原始湿地土壤中优势菌属为Methylocystis(甲基孢囊菌属)和 Methylosarcina(甲基八叠球菌属), 相对丰度分别约为43%和28%.退化湿地土壤中优势菌属为MethylocystisMethylobacter(甲基杆菌属)、Methylomonas(甲基单胞菌属)和Methylococcus(甲基球菌属), 相对丰度分别约为27%、27%、24%和12%.修复湿地土壤中优势菌属为Methylocystis(甲基孢囊菌属), 相对丰度约为45%.Methylocystis属于Type Ⅱ型甲烷好氧氧化菌, 普遍存在于湿地等多种生态系统中[22, 46, 47], 该菌属是3组湿地土壤样本的共同优势菌属.Methylocystis能够在非常低的甲烷浓度下生长, 是贫营养型甲烷氧化菌, 某些Methylocystis菌株甚至可以在大气中氧化甲烷长达3个月[48], 并且Methylocystis在周期性排水的生态系统中普遍存在.因此, Type Ⅱ型甲烷好氧氧化菌在松嫩平原芦苇湿地中发挥着重要作用.Methylosarcina属于Type Ⅰ型甲烷好氧氧化菌, 最初分离自垃圾填埋场土壤[49], 在已有的关于松嫩平原湿地甲烷氧化菌的研究中, 该菌属不占据主要地位[50], 然而在本研究中, Methylosarcina在原始芦苇湿地土壤中占优势地位, 在退化湿地土壤和修复湿地土壤中的相对丰度较低.原始湿地土壤中出现高丰度的Methylosarcina可能与样地土壤理化性质及土壤性状有关, 这种甲烷好氧氧化指示菌可能是该湿地区域潜在的发挥碳汇作用的微生物资源.

图 6 甲烷好氧氧化菌属水平群落组成 Fig. 6 Community composition of methanotrophs at the genus level

图 7 甲烷好氧氧化菌优势菌属相对丰度 Fig. 7 Relative abundances of dominant methanotrophs at the genus level

此外, 在退化湿地样品中占优势地位的MethylobacterMethylomonasMethylococcus其相对丰度均显著高于原始湿地和修复湿地.这3种菌属均属于Type Ⅰ型甲烷好氧氧化菌.其中, MethylobacterMethylomonas可以适应极端低温环境[51], 研究者在西伯利亚永久冻土和高寒湿地中检测到了大量的Methylobacter[52, 53], Methylomonas分类下也已经分离到了能在深层地下水中生存的嗜冷菌株[54].Methylococcus则可以耐受极端高温环境, 有研究者从热泉中发现了该属下的嗜热菌株[55].可见, 芦苇湿地退化会导致耐受极端环境的甲烷氧化菌属的相对丰度增加.

3 结论

(1) 与原始芦苇湿地相比, 松嫩平原退化的芦苇湿地土壤理化性质发生了变化.具体表现为: 退化湿地土壤总碳、总氮和土壤含水率均显著降低.

(2) 芦苇湿地退化导致土壤细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性降低, 甲烷氧化菌的α多样性升高, 而细菌和产甲烷菌的α多样性与土壤含水率呈显著正相关关系, 含水率越高的湿地土壤产甲烷菌的多样性也越高.

(3) 湿地退化导致根际促生菌Rhizobiales的相对丰度下降, 致病菌Burkholderiaceae、耐污染细菌Sphingomonas、抗辐射细菌Rubrobacter以及Type Ⅰ型耐受极端环境的甲烷好氧氧化菌MethylobacterMethylomonasMethylococcus的相对丰度上升.而在原始及修复的芦苇湿地中优势菌属为Type Ⅱ型甲烷好氧氧化菌Methylocystis.因此, 不同的湿地状态可以间接改变土壤性状进而改变湿地甲烷代谢菌群落结构.

致谢: 中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所及中国科学院东北地理与农业生态研究所在野外考察及采样方面提供帮助, 在此一并致谢!

参考文献
[1] Kirschke S, Bousquet P, Ciais P, et al. Three decades of global methane sources and sinks[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2013, 6(10): 813-823. DOI:10.1038/ngeo1955
[2] Aronson E L, Allison S D, Helliker B R. Environmental impacts on the diversity of methane-cycling microbes and their resultant function[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2013, 4. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00225
[3] Le Mer J, Roger P. Production, oxidation, emission and consumption of methane by soils: a review[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2001, 37(1): 25-50. DOI:10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01067-6
[4] Laskar F, Das Purkayastha S, Sen A, et al. Diversity of methanogenic archaea in freshwater sediments of lacustrine ecosystems[J]. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 2018, 58(2): 101-119. DOI:10.1002/jobm.201700341
[5] Peltoniemi K, Laiho R, Juottonen H, et al. Responses of methanogenic and methanotrophic communities to warming in varying moisture regimes of two boreal fens[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2016, 97: 144-156. DOI:10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.03.007
[6] 李思琦, 臧昆鹏, 宋伦. 湿地甲烷代谢微生物产甲烷菌和甲烷氧化菌的研究进展[J]. 海洋环境科学, 2020, 39(3): 488-496.
Li S Q, Zang K P, Song L. Review on methanogens and methanotrophs metabolised by methane in wetland[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2020, 39(3): 488-496.
[7] 郭跃东, 何艳芬. 松嫩平原湿地动态变化及其驱动力研究[J]. 湿地科学, 2005, 3(1): 54-59.
Guo Y D, He Y F. The dynamics of wetland landscape and its driving forces in Songnen Plain[J]. Wetland Science, 2005, 3(1): 54-59.
[8] 杨富亿, 李秀军, 刘兴土, 等. 松嫩平原退化芦苇湿地恢复模式[J]. 湿地科学, 2009, 7(4): 306-313.
Yang F Y, Li X J, Liu X T, et al. Recovery pattern of degradated saline-alkali reed wetland in the Songnen Plain[J]. Wetland Science, 2009, 7(4): 306-313.
[9] 白军红, 邓伟, 王庆改, 等. 松嫩平原湿地环境问题及整治方略[J]. 湿地科学, 2008, 6(1): 1-6.
Bai J H, Deng W, Wang Q G, et al. Environmental problems and protection countermeasures for the wetlands in Songnen Plain, Northeast China[J]. Wetland Science, 2008, 6(1): 1-6.
[10] 佟守正, 吕宪国. 松嫩平原重要湿地恢复研究进展[J]. 地理科学, 2007, 27(1): 127-128.
Tong S Z, Lv X G. The progress of important wetland rehabilitation research in Songnen Plain[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica, 2007, 27(1): 127-128. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-0690.2007.01.021
[11] 刘骞, 汤洁. 盐碱芦苇湿地土壤活性有机碳组分垂直分布及相关性分析[J]. 科学技术与工程, 2020, 20(5): 1760-1766.
Liu Q, Tang J. Vertical distribution and correlation analysis of soil active organic carbon components in saline-alkali reed wetland[J]. Science Technology and Engineering, 2020, 20(5): 1760-1766. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1671-1815.2020.05.007
[12] 韩勤, 赵岭, 刘新宇, 等. 松嫩平原湿地退化特征及平原内陆盐碱类型湿地的恢复[J]. 防护林科技, 2010(6): 80-82.
Han Q, Zhao L, Liu X Y, et al. Wetland degradation characteristics of Songnen Plain & restoration of saline wetland of inland plains[J]. Protection Forest Science and Technology, 2010(6): 80-82. DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-5215.2010.06.030
[13] Yu Y, Wang H, Liu J, et al. Shifts in microbial community function and structure along the successional gradient of coastal wetlands in Yellow River Estuary[J]. European Journal of Soil Biology, 2012, 49: 12-21. DOI:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2011.08.006
[14] 孙晓新, 宋长春, 王宪伟, 等. 多年冻土退化对湿地甲烷排放的影响研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2011, 31(18): 5379-5386.
Sun X X, Song C C, Wang X W, et al. Effect of permafrost degradation on methane emission in wetlands: a review[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2011, 31(18): 5379-5386.
[15] Jiang H B, Wen Y, Zou L F, et al. The effects of a wetland restoration project on the Siberian crane(Grus leucogeranus)population and stopover habitat in Momoge National Nature Reserve, China[J]. Ecological Engineering, 2016, 96: 170-177. DOI:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.01.016
[16] Yu Y, Lee C, Kim J, et al. Group-specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2005, 89(6): 670-679. DOI:10.1002/bit.20347
[17] Luton P E, Wayne J M, Sharp R J, et al. The mcrA gene as an alternative to 16S rRNA in the phylogenetic analysis of methanogen populations in landfill[J]. Microbiology, 2002, 148(11): 3521-3530. DOI:10.1099/00221287-148-11-3521
[18] Kolb S, Knief C, Stubner S, et al. Quantitative detection of methanotrophs in soil by novel pmoA-targeted real-time PCR assays[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2003, 69(5): 2423-2429. DOI:10.1128/AEM.69.5.2423-2429.2003
[19] Chen S F, Zhou Y Q, Chen Y R, et al. fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor[J]. Bioinformatics, 2018, 34(17): i884-i890. DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/bty560
[20] Mago Dč T, Salzberg S L. FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies[J]. Bioinformatics, 2011, 27(21): 2957-2963. DOI:10.1093/bioinformatics/btr507
[21] Edgar R C. UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads[J]. Nature Methods, 2013, 10(10): 996-998. DOI:10.1038/nmeth.2604
[22] Zhang Y F, Cui M M, Duan J B, et al. Abundance, rather than composition, of methane-cycling microbes mainly affects methane emissions from different vegetation soils in the Zoige alpine wetland[J]. Microbiology Open, 2019, 8(4). DOI:10.1002/mbo3.699
[23] Wang Q, Garrity G M, Tiedje J M, et al. Naïve Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy[J]. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 73(16): 5261-5267. DOI:10.1128/AEM.00062-07
[24] Fish J A, Chai B L, Wang Q, et al. FunGene: the functional gene pipeline and repository[J]. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2013, 4. DOI:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00291
[25] Feng K, Zhang Z J, Cai W W, et al. Biodiversity and species competition regulate the resilience of microbial biofilm community[J]. Molecular Ecology, 2017, 26(21): 6170-6182. DOI:10.1111/mec.14356
[26] Müller A K, Westergaard K, Christensen S, et al. The diversity and function of soil microbial communities exposed to different disturbances[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2002, 44(1): 49-58. DOI:10.1007/s00248-001-0042-8
[27] Hill T C J, Walsh K A, Harris J A, et al. Using ecological diversity measures with bacterial communities[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2003, 43(1): 1-11. DOI:10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01040.x
[28] Yang W, Zhang D, Cai X W, et al. Significant alterations in soil fungal communities along a chronosequence of Spartina alterniflora invasion in a Chinese Yellow Sea coastal wetland[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 693. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.354
[29] Chae S S, Warde W D. Effect of using principal coordinates and principal components on retrieval of clusters[J]. Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, 2006, 50(6): 1407-1417.
[30] Segata N, Izard J, Waldron L, et al. Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation[J]. Genome Biology, 2011, 12(6). DOI:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60
[31] 王洁, 袁俊吉, 刘德燕, 等. 滨海湿地甲烷产生途径和产甲烷菌研究进展[J]. 应用生态学报, 2016, 27(3): 993-1001.
Wang J, Yuan J J, Liu D Y, et al. Research progresses on methanogenesis pathway and methanogens in coastal wetlands[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 27(3): 993-1001.
[32] 王娜, 高婕, 魏静, 等. 三江平原湿地开垦对土壤微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2019, 40(5): 2375-2381.
Wang N, Gao J, Wei J, et al. Effects of wetland reclamation on soil microbial community structure in the Sanjiang Plain[J]. Environmental Science, 2019, 40(5): 2375-2381.
[33] Wei J, Gao J, Wang N, et al. Differences in soil microbial response to anthropogenic disturbances in Sanjiang and Momoge Wetlands, China[J]. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 2019, 95(8). DOI:10.1093/femsec/fiz110
[34] Fierer N, Bradford M A, Jackson R B. Toward an ecological classification of soil bacteria[J]. Ecology, 2007, 88(6): 1354-1364. DOI:10.1890/05-1839
[35] Gu Y F, Bai Y, Xiang Q J, et al. Degradation shaped bacterial and archaeal communities with predictable taxa and their association patterns in Zoige wetland at Tibet plateau[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1). DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-21874-0
[36] 王光华, 刘俊杰, 于镇华, 等. 土壤酸杆菌门细菌生态学研究进展[J]. 生物技术通报, 2016, 32(2): 14-20.
Wang G H, Liu J J, Yu Z H, et al. Research progress of Acidobacteria ecology in soils[J]. Biotechnology Bulletin, 2016, 32(2): 14-20.
[37] Ahmad F, Ahmad I, Khan M S. Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their multiple plant growth promoting activities[J]. Microbiological Research, 2008, 163(2): 173-181. DOI:10.1016/j.micres.2006.04.001
[38] diCenzo G C, Mengoni A, Perrin E. Chromids aid genome expansion and functional diversification in the family Burkholderiaceae[J]. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 2019, 36(3): 562-574. DOI:10.1093/molbev/msy248
[39] Roggo C, Coronado E, Moreno-Forero S K, et al. Genome-wide transposon insertion scanning of environmental survival functions in the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon degrading bacterium Sphingomonas wittichii RW1[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2013, 15(10): 2681-2695.
[40] Chen M Y, Wu S H, Lin G H, et al. Rubrobacter taiwanensis sp. nov., a novel thermophilic, radiation-resistant species isolated from hot springs[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2004, 54(5): 1849-1855. DOI:10.1099/ijs.0.63109-0
[41] Zhang K, Luo H B, Zhu Z Y, et al. CH4 flux and methanogen community dynamics from five common emergent vegetations in a full-scale constructed wetland[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2018, 25(26): 26433-26445. DOI:10.1007/s11356-018-2692-9
[42] Nazaries L, Murrell J C, Millard P, et al. Methane, microbes and models: fundamental understanding of the soil methane cycle for future predictions[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2013, 15(9): 2395-2417. DOI:10.1111/1462-2920.12149
[43] Thauer R K, Kaster A K, Seedorf H, et al. Methanogenic archaea: ecologically relevant differences in energy conservation[J]. Nature Reviews Microbiology, 2008, 6(8): 579-591. DOI:10.1038/nrmicro1931
[44] Liu Y C, Whitman W B. Metabolic, phylogenetic, and ecological diversity of the methanogenic archaea[J]. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2008, 1125(1): 171-189. DOI:10.1196/annals.1419.019
[45] Thauer R K. Biochemistry of methanogenesis: a tribute to Marjory Stephenson: 1998 marjory stephenson prize lecture[J]. Microbiology, 1998, 144(Pt 9): 2377-2406.
[46] Chen Y, Dumont M G, Cébron A, et al. Identification of active methanotrophs in a landfill cover soil through detection of expression of 16S rRNA and functional genes[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2007, 9(11): 2855-2869. DOI:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2007.01401.x
[47] Kip N, van Winden J F, Pan Y, et al. Global prevalence of methane oxidation by symbiotic bacteria in peat-moss ecosystems[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2010, 3(9): 617-621. DOI:10.1038/ngeo939
[48] Cai Y F, Zheng Y, Bodelier P L E, et al. Conventional methanotrophs are responsible for atmospheric methane oxidation in paddy soils[J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7. DOI:10.1038/ncomms11728
[49] Wise M G, McArthur J V, Shimkets L J. Methylosarcina fibrata gen. nov., sp. nov. and Methylosarcina quisquiliarum sp. nov., novel type I methanotrophs[J]. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2001, 51(2): 611-621. DOI:10.1099/00207713-51-2-611
[50] Yun J L, Yu Z S, Li K, et al. Diversity, abundance and vertical distribution of methane-oxidizing bacteria(methanotrophs)in the sediments of the Xianghai wetland, Songnen Plain, Northeast China[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2013, 13(1): 242-252. DOI:10.1007/s11368-012-0610-1
[51] 邓永翠, 车荣晓, 吴伊波, 等. 好氧甲烷氧化菌生理生态特征及其在自然湿地中的群落多样性研究进展[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(14): 4579-4591.
Deng Y C, Che R X, Wu Y B, et al. A review of the physiological and ecological characteristics of methanotrophs and methanotrophic community diversity in the natural wetlands[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35(14): 4579-4591.
[52] Liebner S, Rublack K, Stuehrmann T, et al. Diversity of aerobic methanotrophic bacteria in a permafrost active layer soil of the Lena Delta, Siberia[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2009, 57(1): 25-35. DOI:10.1007/s00248-008-9411-x
[53] Yun J L, Zhuang G Q, Ma A Z, et al. Community structure, abundance, and activity of methanotrophs in the zoige wetland of the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Microbial Ecology, 2012, 63(4): 835-843. DOI:10.1007/s00248-011-9981-x
[54] Kalyuzhnaya M G, Khmelenina V N, Kotelnikova S, et al. Methylomonas scandinavica sp. nov., a new methanotrophic psychrotrophic bacterium isolated from deep igneous rock ground water of Sweden[J]. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 1999, 22(4): 565-572. DOI:10.1016/S0723-2020(99)80010-1
[55] Whittenbury R, Phillips K C, Wilkinson J F. Enrichment, isolation and some properties of methane-utilizing bacteria[J]. Journal of General Microbiology, 1970, 61(2): 205-218. DOI:10.1099/00221287-61-2-205