环境科学  2017, Vol. 38 Issue (2): 640-646   PDF    
臭氧-混凝耦合工艺污水深度处理特性及其机制
侯瑞 , 金鑫 , 金鹏康 , 王晓昌     
西安建筑科技大学环境与市政工程学院, 西安 710055
摘要: 针对传统混凝工艺对溶解性有机物去除效果有限的问题,本文利用臭氧-混凝耦合工艺对污水处理厂二级出水进行深度处理.与相同混凝剂投量下的预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺相比,该耦合工艺处理效果明显优于预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺的处理效果.在两种pH条件下耦合工艺对溶解性有机污染物的去除率最大,分别为37.96%和39.66%.为了进一步明确该耦合工艺去除溶解性有机物的机制,测定了两种pH和有无混凝剂AlCl3·6H2O存在时对臭氧衰减的影响,结果表明较高的pH和有混凝剂存在时都能够加快臭氧的分解速度.同时,选择羟基自由基(·OH)的指示剂对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)间接计算了·OH的暴露量,结果表明耦合工艺中存在涉及·OH产生的高级氧化机制,而混凝剂可以提高臭氧化工艺中·OH的产量.当混凝剂与臭氧接触后,铝系混凝剂及其水解产物将作为催化剂促进臭氧分解为氧化能力更强的·OH,强化臭氧化效果,提高溶解性有机物的去除效率.
关键词: 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺      臭氧化      混凝      羟基自由基      污水深度处理     
Characteristics and Mechanism of Hybrid Ozonation-Coagulation Process in Wastewater Reclamation
HOU Rui , JIN Xin , JIN Peng-kang , WANG Xiao-chang     
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
Abstract: Because of the limited dissolved organic matter removal efficiency in conventional pre-ozonation-coagulation process, the hybrid ozonation-coagulation (HOC) process was developed for wastewater reclamation in this study. In this process, coagulation and ozonation could synchronize within a single unit. Compared with the pre-ozonation-coagulation process and traditional coagulation process at the same coagulants dosage, the HOC process exhibited higher treatment efficiency, especially better organic matter removal performance at each pH value, which were 37.96% and 39.66%, respectively. In order to obtain the removal mechanism of dissolved organic matters by HOC process, ozone decomposition at two pH values either with or without AlCl3·6H2O was monitored in this study. The results showed that higher pH and the addition of coagulant could accelerate ozone decay. In addition, para-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) was chosen as the hydroxyl radical (·OH) probe compound to indirectly calculate the ·OH exposure. The results revealed that the HOC process was involved in ·OH reaction and coagulant could promote ozone decomposition due to its enhancing effect on ·OH production during the ozonation process. Furthermore, the ozone depletion occurred more quickly at high pH due to its reaction with hydroxide ions (OH-), leading to the formation of ·OH through a series of chain reactions. Moreover, the effects of tert-butanol, a well-known ·OH inhibitor on ozone decay and p-CBA decomposition were also investigated. The results indicated that ozone depletion and p-CBA decomposition were significantly inhibited by tert-butanol, which further proved that ozone was decomposed into ·OH radicals through chain reactions. In the HOC process, Al-based coagulants and hydrolyzed products could act as catalysts to enhance ozone decomposition into ·OH which is a powerful oxidant to improve the organics removal efficiency.
Key words: hybrid ozonation-coagulation (HOC) process      ozonation      coagulation      hydroxyl radical      advanced wastewater treatment     

城市污水处理厂二级出水是一种重要的再生水资源,但二级出水中含有大量的溶解性微生物代谢产物,上游饮用水水源中的天然有机物及微量污染物[1, 2],难以直接进行回用.而传统的“混凝+沉淀+过滤”处理流程难以适应复杂的水质要求[3],同时常规的氯消毒处理也会产生具有“三致”特性(致癌、致畸、致突变)的消毒副产物(DBPs)[4, 5],因此臭氧化及其联用技术逐渐成为水处理的重要途径[6~8].

目前常用的联用方式是将预臭氧化加入传统的混凝工艺中,可以通过提高原水的可混凝性,来达到提高后续工艺中污染物去除效率的目的[9, 10].虽然适量的臭氧可以起到改善废水中悬浮颗粒的絮凝性能,在一定程度上减少混凝剂投加量的作用[11, 12],但是预臭氧-混凝技术对有机物的去除有很大的局限性[13, 14]. Chang等[15]和Yan等[16]研究认为较低的预臭氧剂量是有益的,如果剂量过大会恶化后续的混凝效果. Liu等[17]甚至认为预臭氧化对混凝几乎没有促进作用,而且降低了后续混凝工艺对DOC的去除效率.通常臭氧通过两种途径与有机污染物发生作用;一是臭氧分子与有机污染物通过亲电反应或亲核反应直接氧化作用,该反应进程缓慢,选择性强[18, 19];二是臭氧在水中氢氧根(OH-)、有机污染物或某些无机物等引发剂的作用下生成羟基自由基(·OH),间接与水中有机污染物发生作用,该反应速度快,选择性低,其反应动力学常数在108~1010 L·(mol·s)-1之间[20~23].而臭氧氧化效率的提升可以通过采用与双氧水、紫外线和金属离子等联用的方式,以提高·OH的产率来实现[24].李华等[25]研究认为臭氧-紫外联合预处理的矿化作用主要是通过·OH实现的,·OH对溶解性腐殖酸的团聚结构产生破坏作用,从而促进对有机物的去除效率.吴国枝等[26]研究了臭氧与光催化和超声等高级氧化技术的不同组合方法对苯酚的降解效果,结果表明联用技术的协同作用生成了更多的强氧化剂·OH,从而更好地降解水中的有机物.鉴于此本研究建立臭氧-混凝耦合处理工艺,使混凝剂和臭氧化在一个体系中同时作用.金属盐混凝剂水解产生的金属离子和一些金属化合物,可以作为催化剂促进·OH的产生,从而提高溶解性有机物的去除效率.

本文的主要目的就是探究臭氧-混凝耦合工艺在污水深度处理中的去除特性,揭示该工艺去除溶解性有机物的机制.本文将在pH为5、7和混凝剂为AlCl3·6H2O的情况下研究耦合工艺的去除特性,并与预臭氧-混凝工艺和传统混凝工艺进行对比.同时采用·OH探针法研究耦合工艺中混凝剂对臭氧化过程的促进作用,从而更好地阐述该工艺的作用机制.

1 材料与方法 1.1 污水处理厂二级出水

本实验以西安市某污水处理厂二级出水作为研究对象,该污水处理厂采用A2O工艺,处理规模为500 000 m3·d-1,实验前样品均需经过0.45 μm滤膜(上海新亚)过滤.过滤处理后的水质特征如表 1所示,碱度、NO3--N和NO2--N的含量都很低,不会影响后续实验的测定结果.实验所用的主要试剂包括氯化铝(AlCl3·6H2O)、靛蓝三磺酸钾、对氯苯甲酸(p-CBA)、硫代硫酸钠(Na2S2O3)、氢氧化钠(NaOH)、磷酸、磷酸二氢钠(NaH2PO4)和磷酸氢二钠(Na2HPO4)等,均为分析纯,并且使用超纯水配制.所有实验均在室温下进行.

表 1 污水处理厂二级出水水质特征 Table 1 Water quality of WWTP effluent

1.2 实验方法 1.2.1 臭氧原液制备方法

采用图 1所示装置制备臭氧原液,取样瓶有效体积为500 mL,用磷酸调pH至3.通过气体流量计控制氧气源臭氧发生器(SK-CFQ-3P, 三康)出口流量在16 L·h-1左右,持续曝气约2 h,未反应的剩余气体通入两级KI吸收瓶处理.整个制备装置利用水浴调节控制温度在0~4℃左右,在波长258 nm下测定吸光度值计算得到臭氧原液浓度[ε258=3 000 L·(mol·cm)-1],其浓度可达到80 mg·L-1左右.

1.氧气瓶;2.氧气源臭氧发生器;3.超低温冷却循环泵;4.阀门;5.流量计;6.曝气头;7.取样瓶;8.一级KI吸收瓶;9.二级KI吸收瓶 图 1 臭氧水制备装置示意 Fig. 1 Ozone stock solution preparation device

1.2.2 混凝实验

混凝装置采用混凝搅拌器(3000-6N, 武汉梅宇),水样体积为500 mL,使用0.1mol·L-1 NaOH溶液和磷酸调节水样pH至5和7,加入2 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液分别控制pH在5±0.5和7±0.5附近,选择混凝剂AlCl3·6H2O进行实验.混凝条件为300 r·min-1快搅1 min,60 r·min-1慢搅30 min,结束后静置沉淀30 min,并于液面下2 cm处取上清液过滤后测DOC、UV254和色度等水质指标.

1.2.3 臭氧-混凝耦合实验

该实验要求臭氧化过程与混凝过程同时发生,即在混凝实验快搅完成后迅速加入臭氧原液进行慢搅,实验结束后静置、取样测定相关水质指标.在反应过程中按照设定好的时间间隔取样,测定液态臭氧浓度.测定p-CBA浓度时还需提前向烧杯中加入0.5 μmol·L-1p-CBA,并在取样瓶中加入0.025 mol·L-1硫代硫酸钠淬灭·OH,防止其进一步氧化.

1.3 分析测定方法

本实验涉及的测定项目主要包括pH、色度、UV254、DOC、IOD、液态臭氧浓度、·OH浓度和p-CBA浓度等.其中pH采用上海大普PHS-3C型精密酸度计测定;色度用分光光度铂钴比色法[27]测定;UV254采用UV-2102C型紫外分光光度计在254 nm下测定吸光度值;DOC采用日本岛津生产的TOC-VCPH分析仪测定,测定前先用硫酸对水样进行酸化氮吹处理,除去水中无机碳保证测定值的准确性;·OH浓度通过探针法间接测定,选择p-CBA作为·OH的指示剂,主要因为p-CBA与臭氧的反应速率很慢[kO3 < 1 L·(mol·s)-1],可以忽略,而与·OH的反应速率很快[k·OH/p-CBA=5×109 L·(mol·s)-1][28]p-CBA浓度采用日本岛津公司生产的LC-2010AHF型高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定,流动相为乙腈:水=1:1(磷酸调pH为2),流速1.0 mL·min-1,进样量20 μL,紫外检测波长为234 nm,柱温40℃,最低检测限为0.1 μg·L-1 [29];液态臭氧浓度使用靛蓝比色法[30]测定;臭氧在水体中分解的最初15 s阶段称为瞬时臭氧需求量(instantaneous O3 demand, IOD),可以通过计算最初投加臭氧浓度与15 s后剩余臭氧浓度的差值所得[31, 32].碱度、NO3--N和NO2--N的测定参考文献[33].

2 结果与讨论 2.1 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺深度处理特性研究

比较臭氧投加量(以O3/DOC计,下同)为1.0 mg·mg-1时臭氧-混凝耦合工艺与预臭氧-混凝工艺及传统混凝工艺的处理效果,结果如图 2所示.耦合工艺和预臭氧-混凝工艺相比于传统混凝工艺,其色度、DOC和UV254的去除率都有明显的提高.其中色度的去除效果最明显,而UV254的去除率差异较小,这可能是因为臭氧化过程中臭氧与有机物中的不饱和官能团和共轭结构反应,改变了原水中有机物的性质和分子结构[34~36],从而达到提高混凝效果的目的.

图 2 不同工艺去除效果对比 Fig. 2 Comparison of the removal efficiency in different processes

预臭氧-混凝工艺对DOC的去除是有限的,在两种pH条件下DOC的去除率均小于20%. Singer等[37]研究表明,在臭氧投加量为1.0 mg·mg-1时,预臭氧化对混凝去除DOC的促进作用是很小的. Selcuk等[38]研究也表明,采用铝盐混凝剂时,预臭氧氧化对于TOC的去除率仅为22%左右.但是,在本研究中,不同pH条件下耦合工艺对DOC的去除率最大,分别为37.96%(pH=5)和39.66%(pH=7).这表明耦合工艺可以提高臭氧化对混凝工艺促进效果的提升.

2.2 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺中臭氧自分解反应的影响

为探究混凝过程对臭氧衰减的促进作用,选择混凝剂AlCl3·6H2O和两种pH进行实验.由图 3可以看出,随着pH的增加臭氧衰减速度加快.加入的混凝剂与臭氧接触会显著加快臭氧的消耗,这可能是由于混凝剂中的金属离子在一定程度上对臭氧起到了催化氧化的作用,使其分解产生更多氧化性更强的·OH,加速了臭氧的衰减.臭氧在水中的分解是由于臭氧与水中的氢氧根(OH-)反应[39],导致超氧自由基(·O2-)的形成,随后引发链式反应产生·OH[40].因此,pH越大,臭氧衰减速度越快.

图 3 不同pH条件的臭氧衰减曲线 Fig. 3 Ozone depletion curves at different pH values

为了验证加入混凝剂促进了·OH的产生,又向反应体系中加入叔丁醇.叔丁醇作为·OH的抑制剂,可以阻断·OH链式反应的进行[41].结果显示加入叔丁醇后臭氧的衰减速度明显减慢,说明耦合工艺中臭氧是通过·OH的链式反应而分解的[42].

根据图 3数据,计算无叔丁醇条件下各反应的IOD如表 2所示.在相同的臭氧投加量下,高的pH值会导致高的IOD值. pH=7时IOD阶段消耗了大约61.93%的臭氧,而pH=5时仅消耗臭氧42.86%.在相同的pH条件下,加入混凝剂后IOD值增加,说明耦合工艺中混凝剂水解产生的金属离子或某些化合物不仅促进了IOD阶段臭氧的分解,而且也促进了臭氧分解第二阶段时臭氧的衰减速度,增强了·OH的产率.根据Buffle等[43, 44]的研究结果,在IOD阶段,臭氧具有高的分解速率,同时产生大量·OH.而臭氧与二级出水中溶解性有机物的某些特殊结构反应可能是引起臭氧在IOD阶段快速衰减的主要原因[45],这可以解释臭氧在二级出水中快速分解的现象.

表 2 不同实验条件下的IOD和Rct Table 2 Summary of IOD and Rct under different testing conditions

2.3 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺机制研究

p-CBA的去除效果可以间接反映·OH的产生情况. 图 4反映了加入叔丁醇和不加叔丁醇两种情况下p-CBA的去除情况.可以看出加入的叔丁醇明显降低了p-CBA的去除效率,说明产生的大部分·OH被叔丁醇抑制了[46].随着pH的升高,p-CBA的去除效率逐渐增大,说明产生了较多的·OH.已有研究[47, 48]也证明高的pH可以促进臭氧反应产生更多的·OH.加入混凝剂可以提高p-CBA的去除效率,这意味着混凝剂和臭氧发生催化氧化产生了更多的·OH.在IOD阶段(t<15s),p-CBA出现了明显的减少,去除率在26%~40%之间,说明大量的·OH产生在这一阶段,特别在较高的pH条件时.大量的研究[43, 44, 49]均证明IOD阶段·OH的暴露量较高,并且迅速与有机物反应而被消耗.

图 4 不同pH条件对氯苯甲酸的去除曲线 Fig. 4 The p-CBA decomposition curves at different pH values

上述研究表明耦合工艺中存在·OH,为了进一步探究反应特性,引入参数Rct表示·OH暴露量与臭氧暴露量的比值[28],即∫[·OH]dt/∫[O3]dt.臭氧在IOD (t<15 s)阶段的分解速率较快,不服从一级动力学方程,Rct值以指数形式增大;臭氧分解第二阶段服从一级动力学方程[43~45, 49],并且Rct值保持相对稳定,因此利用Rct表征臭氧分解第二阶段的反应特性[42].根据Elovitz等[28]提出的模型,以ln ([p-CBA]/[p-CBA]0)为纵坐标,以∫[O3]dt为横坐标进行线性拟合确定Rct表 2所示.计算所得Rct的数量级为10-8~10-9,这与Rosenfeldt等[47]的研究结果一致,在pH=8的自然水体中Rct的数量级在10-8~10-9之间.较高的pH更有利于臭氧分解产生·OH[46],这也导致pH=7时的Rct值比pH=5时高.此外,加入混凝剂也引起Rct值的升高.

根据Rct值(表 2)和臭氧衰减曲线(图 3)计算·OH的暴露量如图 5所示,其直观地表现出pH越高产生的·OH越多,这与之前的讨论结果一致.加入混凝剂会表现出更高的·OH暴露量,Qi等[50, 51]研究发现金属盐混凝剂表面的羧基官能团是一类活性基团,臭氧可以通过静电吸附和氢键结合作用力在水溶液中与羟基反应,引发臭氧分解,再通过链式反应形成·OH.本研究中,铝系混凝剂通过水合作用在表面形成大量羟基官能团[52],使得臭氧不仅可以直接与水中的OH-反应引发链式反应生成·OH,还可以与混凝剂表面的羟基反应,产生大量·OH.因此臭氧-混凝耦合工艺中混凝剂对臭氧的促进作用主要是通过促进臭氧分解产生·OH实现的.

图 5 不同pH条件下·OH的暴露量 Fig. 5 The ·OH exposure at different pH values

3 结论

(1) 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺有别于传统意义上的预臭氧-混凝工艺,预臭氧化和混凝在一个单元内同时进行,在一个系统中具有互混性.

(2) 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺相比于传统的预臭氧-混凝工艺,对色度、UV254和DOC有较好的去除效果.在不同pH条件下,AlCl3·6H2O作为混凝剂时,耦合工艺对DOC的去除率均高于30%,说明耦合工艺能够有效提高溶解性有机物的去除效率.

(3) 臭氧-混凝耦合工艺中混凝剂对臭氧化的促进机制主要是通过金属盐混凝剂及其水解产物作为臭氧化的催化剂,引发链式反应,促进臭氧分解产生氧化性更强、选择性更低的·OH,形成高级氧化机制,从而进一步氧化有机污染物.

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