环境科学  2014, Vol.35 Issue (2): 792-800   PDF    
农田土壤N2O产生的关键微生物过程及减排措施
朱永官1,3, 王晓辉1,2, 杨小茹3, 徐会娟2,3, 贾炎1,2    
1. 中国科学院生态环境研究中心城市与区域生态国家重点实验室, 北京 100085;
2. 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049;
3. 中国科学院城市环境研究所, 厦门 361021
摘要:氧化亚氮(N2O)作为一种重要的温室气体,其全球排放总量仍然在持续上升. 它不仅可以产生温室效应,还可以间接破坏臭氧层,使其在全球气候变化和生态环境变化研究中备受关注. 土壤生态系统是大气中N2O的最重要排放源. 本文详细论述了农田土壤中反硝化作用、硝化作用、硝化微生物的反硝化作用以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用等过程产生N2O的微生物学机制,并从土壤理化性质(土壤pH、氮素、有机质、土壤温度和湿度)和土壤生物等方面对农田土壤N2O排放的影响进行综述,在此基础上对农田土壤N2O的减排措施进行总结,并就今后农田土壤N2O排放的研究重点和方向进行了展望,为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据.
关键词农田土壤     氧化亚氮     硝化作用     反硝化作用     减排措施    
Key Microbial Processes in Nitrous Oxide Emissions of Agricultural Soil and Mitigation Strategies
ZHU Yong-guan1,3, WANG Xiao-hui1,2, YANG Xiao-ru3, XU Hui-juan2,3, JIA Yan1,2    
1. State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China;
2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China;
3. Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
Abstract: Nitrous oxide (N2O) is a powerful atmospheric greenhouse gas, which does not only have a strong influence on the global climate change but also depletes the ozone layer and induces the enhancement of ultraviolet radiation to ground surface, so numerous researches have been focused on global climate change and ecological environmental change. Soil is the foremost source of N2O emissions to the atmosphere, and approximately two-thirds of these emissions are generally attributed to microbiological processes including bacterial and fungal denitrification and nitrification processes, largely as a result of the application of nitrogenous fertilizers. Here the available knowledge concerning the research progress in N2O production in agricultural soils was reviewed, including denitrification, nitrification, nitrifier denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium, and the abiotic (including soil pH, organic and inorganic nitrogen, organic matter, soil humidity and temperature) and biotic factors that have direct and indirect effects on N2O fluxes from agricultural soils were also summarized. In addition, the strategies for mitigating N2O emissions and the future research direction were proposed. Therefore, these studies are expected to provide valuable and scientific evidence for the study on mitigation strategies for the emission of greenhouse gases, adjustment of nitrogen transformation processes and enhancement of nitrogen use efficiency.
Key words: agricultural soil     nitrous oxide     nitrification     denitrification     mitigation strategies    

氧化亚氮(N2 O)作为一种重要的温室气体,它不仅可以产生温室效应,还对位于平流层的臭氧层具有破坏作用,因此其浓度变化及其对全球气候变化的影响备受关注. 据估计,大气中70%的N2 O来自土壤,特别是农田土壤是全球最主要的N2 O排放源[1]. 我国是世界上氮肥施用量最多的国家之一,2011年氮肥施用量已达到2.38 × 107 t [2]. 化学氮肥施用量的增加是农田土壤N2 O排放增加的重要原因[3, 4, 5]. 由于作物生长周期短,产量高,施肥和灌溉频繁量大,因此农田土壤生态系统的N2 O排放问题不容忽视.

农田土壤是大气中N2 O的最重要排放源,反硝化作用(denitrification)、 硝化作用(nitrification)、 硝化微生物的反硝化作用(nitrifier denitrification)以及硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用(dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)等微生物过程均能生成N2 O,其中反硝化作用和硝化作用被认为是农田土壤释放N2 O的最重要途径[6, 7]. 但是,长期以来,对农田土壤N2 O排放的其他途径的研究相对较少. 本文综述了目前已知的N2 O产生的关键微生物过程及其机制,总结了土壤理化性质和土壤生物对N2 O排放的影响,在此基础上提出了农田土壤N2 O的减排措施,并就今后农田土壤N2 O排放的研究重点和方向进行展望,旨在为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、 氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供科学依据.

1 农田土壤 N2 O排放的微生物学机制
1.1 反硝化作用

反硝化作用是指微生物将NO-3或NO-2还原成NO、 N2 O 和N2的过程,通常普遍存在和发生于兼气或低氧土壤系统中[8]. 在多种微生物的参与下,硝酸盐通过四步还原反应,在硝酸盐还原酶(nitrate reductase,Nar)、 亚硝酸盐还原酶(nitrite reductase,Nir)、 一氧化氮还原酶(nitric oxide reductase,Nor)和氧化亚氮还原酶(nitrous oxide reductase,Nos)作用下,最终被还原为N2,并在中间过程释放强效应的温室气体N2 O[8](图 1).

图 1土壤N2 O排放的微生物学过程Fig.1 Microbial processes of soil N2 O emissions

通常认为反硝化只发生于严格厌氧的环境中,但现在已发现许多微生物具有周质型硝酸盐还原酶 (Nap),Nap位于细胞周质内,对氧分子不敏感,使 得反硝化作用也能在好氧条件下发生[9]. 因此,影 响反硝化作用的主要因子不是氧,而是有机质和硝酸盐含量. 通过为反硝化作用提供底物,硝化-反硝化作用通常耦合发生,二者作用构成土壤N2 O释放的最主要途径. 同时,参与反硝化作用的微生物种类繁多,已发现有80多个属的细菌和部分古菌、 真菌和放线菌都可能参与反硝化作用[10, 11, 12]. 但是,对于反硝化真菌和古菌的研究多限于纯培养体系和森林等自然生态系统,对农田土壤生态系统中真菌和古菌反硝化的研究相对较少[13]. 因此,在未来的研究中需要对反硝化真菌和古菌的生态学特征及其反硝化对农田土壤N2 O排放的贡献做更深入的研究.

1.2 硝化作用

硝化作用是指微生物将氨(NH3)氧化成亚硝酸盐(NO-2)或者硝酸盐(NO-3)的过程. 硝化过程分为两个阶段[14]:第一阶段是氨氧化细菌(ammonia-oxidizing bacteria,AOB)或氨氧化古菌(ammonia-oxidizing archaea,AOA)在氨单加氧酶(ammonia monooxygenase,AMO)和羟胺氧化还原酶(hydroxylamine oxidoreductase,HAO)的催化下,将NH3氧化成NO-2,羟氨(NH2 OH)是其中间产物; 第二阶段是亚硝酸盐氧化菌(nitrite-oxidizing bacteria,NOB)在亚硝酸盐氧化还原酶(nitrite oxidoreductase,NOR)催化下,将NO-2进一步氧化成NO-3(图1). 在氨氧化过程中,其中间产物会发生化学分解而释放出N2 O[15, 16].

硝化作用包括自养硝化作用和异养硝化作用. 自养硝化作用是指化能自养微生物利用CO2作为碳源,将NH3氧化成NO-2和NO-3的微生物过程; 而异养硝化作用是指异养微生物以有机碳作为碳源和能源,将还原态氮(无机氮或有机氮)转化为氧化态氮的微生物过程[17]. 与自养硝化微生物不同的是,某些异养硝化微生物还可以提供NO-3进行好氧反硝化作用产生N2 O[18, 19]. 在好氧环境中,单体异养硝化微生物产生N2 O的能力远高于自养硝化微生物. 尽管在通常情况下,异养硝化过程产生的N2 O仅占土壤N2 O总排放量的很小部分,但是在特定的环境下(如低pH、 高O2和较高含量有机碳等),异养硝化微生物却可以产生大量的N2 O[7, 18]. Anderson等[18]的研究发现,在氧分压为2~4 kPa的环境下,异养硝化微生物(Alcaligenes faecalis)生成N2 O的能力为自养硝化微生物(Nitrosomonas europaea)的10倍. Cai等[20]对长期施用氮肥的耕作黑土(其pH由7.22降至6.11,土壤有机碳含量为1.55%)中N2 O排放的研究发现,异养硝化作用对土壤N2 O排放的贡献量为自养硝化作用的2倍. 然而,关于异养硝化作用耦合好氧反硝化作用的反应机制及其在氮循环中的作用和生态位仍不甚明确.

1.3 硝化微生物的反硝化作用

硝化微生物的反硝化作用是指仅在硝化微生物驱动下NO-2被还原为N2 O或N2的过程,通常在低氧环境中发生. 该过程分为两个阶段:第一阶段是将NH3氧化成NO-2,第二阶段是将NO-2还原成N2 O或N2(图1). 硝化微生物的反硝化作用产生N2 O可能是N2 O产生的最主要机制之一,已在氨氧化细菌中得到证实[21]. Santoro等[22]利用18O-15N同位素双标记技术解析15N异构体在N2 O分子内的分配情况,发现AOA是海洋环境N2 O排放的主要贡献者,但对于农田土壤中硝化微生物的反硝化作用对N2 O排放的贡献以及特征如何还不清楚. 此前研究多把硝化微生物的反硝化作用对N2 O排放的贡献看作是硝化作用或反硝化作用,使得硝化作用或反硝化作用对N2 O排放的贡献被高估或低估,也使得人们对农田土壤N2 O排放机制的理解不够全面. 迄今为止关于陆地生态系统土壤硝化微生物的反硝化作用的研究还相对较少,因而在未来的研究中需要对硝化微生物的反硝化作用加以重视,深入研究其发生机制及其对农田土壤N2 O排放的贡献.

1.4 硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用

硝酸盐异化还原成铵作用是指NO-3在厌氧条件下被微生物异化还原成NH+4的过程[6, 23]. DNRA过程主要分为两个阶段:第一阶段在硝酸盐还原酶(Nar)的催化下,将NO-3还原成NO-2; 第二阶段在亚硝酸还原酶(Nir)的作用下将NO-2转化为NH+4(图1). 参与DNRA过程的Nir可以进行6e-1传递作用,这与反硝化过程的Nir不同. DNRA过程除生成NH+4外,还常伴有NO-2的短暂积累和N2 O的排放. 许多微生物包括专性厌氧细菌、 兼性厌氧细菌、 好氧细菌和真菌等都能进行DNRA[24]. 通常情况下,反硝化作用是土壤中NO-3异化还原的主要过程. 然而在特定环境(高C/NO-3比)中,DNRA也可能在土壤氮素转化过程中起着重要的作用[25, 26]. DNRA多在有机碳含量丰富的草地、 森林等自然土壤中发现[25, 26, 27],而其在农田土壤中的研究比较少[25].

与硝化作用和反硝化作用导致土壤氮损失不同,DNRA将土壤中的NO-3还原为可供植物利用的NH+4,有利于土壤中氮元素的蓄持. 由于DNRA和反硝化作用对底物NO-3的利用存在着竞争,因而DNRA作用增强,不仅有利于降低土壤氮素损失,还可以减少土壤反硝化过程产生的N2 O. 因此,DNRA在氮循环中的作用不可忽视.

2 N2 O排放的主要影响因素
2.1 氮肥

氮肥有效性是影响农田土壤N2 O排放的最重要因素之一. 施用化学氮肥能够显著增加土壤中NH+4-N与NO-3-N的含量,继而增强硝化作用和反硝化作用的强度,从而促进土壤N2 O的产生与排放[28, 29, 30, 31]. He等[29]的研究证明施用氮肥显著提高了设施栽培土壤N2 O的排放通量和排放总量. 贾俊香等[32]通过集约化大棚蔬菜地N2 O排放的研究也表明氮肥的大量施用显著促进了蔬菜地N2 O的排放. Gregorich等[31]在总结同行研究的基础上,指出农田土壤N2 O的排放通量随着化学氮肥施用量的增加呈线性增加. 此外,土壤NO-3-N含量过高会抑制Nos酶的还原活性,改变反硝化过程气体产物的组成,提高N2 O/N2,尤其是在较高pH的土壤环境中. 但也有研究[33]表明,土壤NO-3-N含量只影响反硝化作用强度,并不改变反硝化过程气体产物的N2 O/N2. 氮肥类型也会影响农田土壤N2 O的排放速率[34]. 铵态氮肥或者尿素通过水解可以为微生物硝化过程提供底物NH+4,而硝化作用的产物NO-3反过来又可以直接参与反硝化过程,硝化反硝化作用相互促进,增加土壤N2 O的排放[35]. 有机肥除了提供矿质氮外,还提供有机碳. 有机碳的大量摄入增强土壤异养微生物的呼吸作用和活性,加快了土壤中O2的消耗,加速土壤厌氧环境的形成,间接增强了土壤微生物的反硝化作用活性[36]. 有研究表明与施用无机氮肥的草原土壤相比,施用有机肥能够增加N2 O的排放[37]. 然而,也有研究揭示在暴雨之后,撒施有机肥却可以降低土壤N2 O的排放. 主要原因是有机质的矿化消耗了土壤中的O2,进而抑制了土壤微生物的硝化作用,同时土壤反硝化过程进行完全,将N2 O还原成为N2,从而减少土壤N2 O的排放[38]. 因此,需要探索合适的氮肥使用途径来降低农田土壤N2 O的排放.

2.2 生物因素

影响农田土壤N2 O排放的生物因素主要为土壤微生物、 土壤动物和作物.

2.2.1 土壤微生物

农田土壤中N2 O的产生主要是在微生物驱动下通过硝化和反硝化作用来完成的. 因此,土壤中相关微生物的种群丰度、 结构与活性对N2 O的排放具有重要影响. 氮肥和土壤理化性质通过改变硝化微生物和反硝化微生物的菌群丰度和结构来影响土壤硝化作用和反硝化作用的活性[39, 40],从而影响土壤N2 O的产生与排放. 比如在高氮投入的中性和碱性土壤中,AOB是硝化过程N2 O产生的主要驱动者[41],而在低氮投入的酸性土壤中,AOA是硝化过程N2 O产生的主要驱动者[42]. Nishio等[43]的研究表明在一定范围内硝化作用强度随硫铵使用量增加而增高,但施肥过量反而使硝化速率迅速降低,这是由于高浓度的氨所产生的毒害作用以及过量的硫铵使土壤pH值下降所致. 土壤中的NO-3-N和NH+4-N是反硝化微生物进行硝酸盐呼吸的电子受体和产物,可直接影响土壤的反硝化作用. 施用化学氮肥能够显著增加土壤中NH+4-N与NO-3-N的含量,继而增强反硝化作用强度,从而促进土壤N2 O的产生与排放[29, 30]. 另外,土壤NO-3-N含量过高也会抑制Nos酶的还原活性,改变反硝化过程气体产物的组成,提高N2 O/N2.

2.2.2 土壤动物

土壤动物也会对N2 O的排放产生重要影响. Borken等[44]在酸性森林土壤中发现蚯蚓能够显著促进反硝化微生物的活性,从而增加土壤N2 O的排放总量. Giannopoulos等[45]的研究也发现蚯蚓的活动可以显著增强土壤微生物的硝化和反硝化作用,继而促进土壤N2 O的排放. 但是,也有研究发现蚯蚓的活动会降低土壤中反硝化细菌的数量和改变其种群结构,从而降低土壤N2 O的排放[46]. Zhang等[47]利用稳定同位素和微生物磷脂脂肪酸技术研究蚯蚓入侵机制,进一步发现蚯蚓通过取食土壤微生物来降低土壤硝化和反硝化微生物的数量,从而降低土壤N2 O的产生与排放. 因此,需要深入研究土壤动物对N2 O排放的影响作用.

2.2.3 作物

作物主要是通过影响土壤无机氮源、 有机质和O2的含量与分布来影响土壤氮相关功能微生物的反应过程与活性[48],从而影响土壤N2 O的产生和排放. 此外,作物种类也会影响土壤微生物硝化与反硝化过程与活性,继而影响土壤N2 O的产生和排放[48, 49, 50]. 某些作物(如豆科作物)生长可以增加土壤N2 O的排放[48],其途径有多种:作物吸收溶解在土壤水中的N2 O,通过浓度差可将N2 O排放到体外; 作物根系的呼吸作用和根系分泌的可利用有机质分解造成根区厌氧环境,同时其凋落物矿化能够提供无机氮源,增强土壤反硝化微生物活性[49, 50]; 根际泌氧促进硝化微生物的活性而增加土壤NO-3-N[51],从而增加N2 O的产生和排放. 然而,研究发现一些植物(如糖蜜草)对N2 O排放有抑制作用,这些作物植株通过吸收土壤中的NH+4-N和根系分泌硝化抑制物质,降低土壤硝化微生物菌群活动所需的底物和活性[49],从而降低土壤N2 O的排放. 此外,Subbarao等[52]的研究也发现湿生臂形草(Brachiaria humidicola)可以通过根系分泌生物硝化抑制物质——亚油酸和亚麻酸来抑制土壤硝化微生物的活性,从而降低土壤N2 O的排放.

2.3 土壤性质
2.3.1 pH

土壤pH值可通过影响氮相关功能微生物的活性及改变相应的氮素转化过程而影响N2 O的排放. 首先,氮相关功能微生物比较适宜生存在中性或弱碱性环境中,但异养微生物可在较大pH范围内活动[53]; 其次,强酸性土壤可以直接抑制硝化和反硝化微生物的代谢过程与活性[39, 40, 54, 55],从而降低土壤N2 O的排放; 第三,土壤pH影响反硝化酶Nos的活性:当pH > 7时其活性增强,然而当pH <7时其活性逐渐减小,而其他反硝化酶的活性增强,从而导致反硝化过程产生更多的N2 O[56]; 第四,土壤有机质的降解速率随着pH的降低而降低[57],减少了N2 O生成所需的无机氮源,从而降低土壤N2 O的生成与排放; 第五,铁氨氧化作用(feammox)的速率随着土壤pH的升高而增强[58],减少了N2 O产生的无机氮源(NH+4),从而降低土壤N2 O的生成与排放; 最后,pH是调控土壤化学反硝化过程的一个重要因素. NO-2可以在碱性土壤中进行短暂积累,而NO-2在严重酸化土壤中可以直接通过化学反硝化作用生成N2 O[59],可见反硝化过程也是酸性土壤氮损失的重要途径.

2.3.2 有机质

绝大多数异养微生物以土壤有机质作为碳源和电子供体,因此土壤有机质是调控N2 O排放的重要因子[25]. 土壤碳源对微生物活性具有重要的影响,硝化或反硝化微生物在同化NH3或NO-3的过程中需要有机质提供碳源. 土壤中高含量的有机质能够促进微生物的异养硝化和反硝化过程,产生大量的N2 O[7]. Enwall等[60]通过长期施肥对土壤反硝化微生物作用强度及群落结构(narGnosZ)影响的研究,发现长期施用有机肥的土壤,其有机质含量明显增加,随之反硝化活性显著增强. 同时,施用酸性肥料(NH4)2SO4后,显著改变土壤中narGnosZ基因型反硝化微生物的群落结构,从而促进土壤N2 O的排放. 另外,土壤有机质C/N比也会影响氮素的转化过程,从而影响N2 O的排放. 一般土壤微生物适宜的C/N为25~30,当C/N > 30时有机质分解慢,微生物活性弱,抑制土壤N2 O的排放; 当C/N <25时有机质分解迅速,微生物活性强,促进土壤N2 O的排放[51].

2.3.3 水分和温度

影响N2 O释放的物理因素主要包括土壤水分状况和温度等,并且这些因素之间相互关联. 土壤水分状况主要通过影响土壤通气状况、 土壤的氧化还原状况以及土壤中微生物的活性来影响土壤N2 O的排放. 已有研究表明[61],在35%~60%孔隙含水率(water filled pore space,WFPS)时硝化作用是土壤N2 O排放的主要来源,而在土壤WFPS为70%时所有的N2 O排放量均来自于反硝化作用,但是当土壤完全淹水时,由于反硝化作用进行完全降低了土壤N2 O的排放量. 此外,干湿交替过程可引起土壤硝化作用和反硝化作用交替产生N2 O,并且抑制N2 O继续还原为N2,从而促进N2 O的产生与排放.

土壤温度也是影响N2 O释放的重要因素,主要通过控制土壤有机质的分解和微生物代谢过程中相关酶的活性来调节土壤N2 O的释放. 研究表明[62]N2 O的排放通量与温度呈正相关性,通常高于5℃时就适于硝化和反硝化微生物发挥生物活性而开始产生N2 O,且在25~35℃范围内达到N2 O的最大排放通量.

3 N2 O减排措施

农田土壤是N2 O的重要排放源,因此,深入研究农田土壤N2 O的排放机制及影响因素并提出切实可行的减排措施,对控制全球气候变暖具有重要意义. 目前,采用的减排措施主要包括改善施肥措施、 施用生物抑制剂以及施用生物炭等.

3.1 施肥管理

我国是世界上氮肥施用量最多的国家,2011年已达到2.38 × 107 t[2]. 要削减土壤N2 O的排放,首先要提高氮肥利用率,减少氮肥的施用量[63]. 依据作物不同生长阶段需肥特征,分次撒施,提高作物吸收,减少氮素在土壤中的累积; 其次,调整N、 P、 K的施肥比例,选用长效氮肥和缓释化肥. 研究表明,与碳酸氢铵相比,施用长效碳酸氢铵后土壤N2 O的排放量降低了59.2%,而施用缓释尿素可以减排73.3%的N2 O[64]. 最后,优化施肥时间与方式[63]. 采用混施、 深施或叶面喷施,可以提高氮肥的利用率,减少N2 O的排放[41].

3.2 施用硝化抑制剂

硝化抑制剂又称为氮肥增效剂,可以抑制土壤中NH+4-N向NO-3-N的转化,从而抑制土壤微生物硝化和反硝化过程产生的N2 O[65]. 目前常用的硝化抑制剂包括双氰铵(dicyandiamide,DCD)、 3,4-二甲基吡唑(3,4-dimethylpyrazol phosphate,DMPP)和乙炔等. 研究发现使用硝化抑制剂可以显著降低农田土壤N2 O的产生和排放[66, 67]. 虽然硝化抑制剂对降低农田土壤N2 O的排放具有巨大的潜能,但是硝化抑制剂在特定田间条件下的作用效果及其有效量仍然缺乏足够的认识,需要进一步深入研究.

3.3 施用生物炭

生物炭(Biochar)一般指生物质(作物秸秆、 枯枝落叶、 养殖业废弃物和污泥等)在缺氧和相对“较低”(<700℃)温度条件下热解而形成的固体产物[68]. 生物炭一般显碱性,具有高度羧酸酯化和芳香化结构,难降解,拥有较大的孔隙度和比表面积,这些基本性质使其具有减缓土壤酸化、 减少土壤中无机态氮的淋溶和抑制温室气体排放的潜能[69, 70, 71].

生物炭通过影响土壤pH、 O2分压和关键的电子受体(NO-3)及电子供体(NH+4,可溶有机物)的生物有效性和分布来影响土壤N2 O的产生和还原[71]. 生物炭中含有多种碱性灰分(比如CaCO3、 KCl等),施用生物炭能显著提高土壤pH[72, 73],继而增强反硝化还原酶Nos的活性,促进N2 O还原为N2,从而降低农田土壤N2 O的排放. 生物炭具有多孔性,施用后可改变土壤的通气状况,增加O2含量,明显减少反硝化作用产生的N2 O [28]. 但由于反硝化还原酶Nos比其他酶对O2更敏感[37, 74],因此如果土壤O2的增加仅影响到Nos的活性,那么O2分压升高也有可能造成反硝化过程进行到N2 O时停止,从而引发土壤N2 O排放增加. 氮素流转过程需要大量氧化剂和还原剂的参与. 硝化过程中硝化微生物需要氧化NH+4获取能量和电子,利用有机碳或CO2作为碳源,用O2作电子接受体; 而反硝化细菌要利用NO-3作为电子受体,用含碳有机物作为碳源和能源. 施用生物炭后,NH+4、 NO-3和可溶性有机物的有效性都会显著降低[75],从而降低农田土壤N2 O的产生和排放. 然而,生物炭对农田土壤N2 O排放影响的反应机制尚不十分清楚,需要深入研究和综合考虑生物炭对农田土壤氮循环的整体影响,合理进行氮素和生物炭的施用.

4 展望

综上所述,农田土壤N2 O的产生和排放有多种途径,并且这些途径之间相互关联,同时受多种环境因素的共同制约. 尽管有关农田土壤N2 O的产生与排放研究已取得了重要的进展,但是目前仍然还有许多问题亟须解决.

(1)强化N2 O排放与氮转化关键微生物过程与机理的研究,并与反应速率(矿化速率、 硝化速率、 反硝化速率等)研究结合,为调控农田土壤N2 O的排放提供依据. 硝化作用产生N2 O的机制和路径尚有争议,并且硝化作用与反硝化作用通常可以耦合发生,尤其是异养硝化过程耦合好氧反硝化过程的共同发生,其反应机制及其对N2 O排放的贡献仍不甚明确.

(2)目前对农田土壤N2 O排放的研究多只针对某一过程独立开展,同一体系内硝化、 反硝化、 硝化微生物的反硝化和硝酸盐异化还原成铵等过程如何交替或共同发生以及如何影响参与这些过程转化的微生物的多样性和代谢活性,尚不清楚.

(3)目前关于硝化抑制剂和生物炭对农田土壤N2 O的排放影响多停留在研究阶段,大田验证试验亟需开展,从而为调控农田土壤温室气体排放、 氮转化过程和提高氮素利用效率提供理论依据和切实可行的措施.

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